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Questions and Answers
What is a common location for active volcanoes, as shown in Figure 1?
What is a common location for active volcanoes, as shown in Figure 1?
What pattern do active volcanoes exhibit in relation to plate margins, as shown in Figure 1?
What pattern do active volcanoes exhibit in relation to plate margins, as shown in Figure 1?
What is an area of high volcanic activity, as shown in Figure 1?
What is an area of high volcanic activity, as shown in Figure 1?
What type of plate margin is often associated with active volcanoes, as shown in Figure 1?
What type of plate margin is often associated with active volcanoes, as shown in Figure 1?
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What is a characteristic of active volcanoes in the region around the Pacific Ocean, as shown in Figure 1?
What is a characteristic of active volcanoes in the region around the Pacific Ocean, as shown in Figure 1?
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What is the main composition of the inner core of the Earth?
What is the main composition of the inner core of the Earth?
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What is the approximate temperature of the outer core?
What is the approximate temperature of the outer core?
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What is the main difference between oceanic and continental crust?
What is the main difference between oceanic and continental crust?
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What happens to the oceanic crust at the boundary with continental crust?
What happens to the oceanic crust at the boundary with continental crust?
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Why is the continental crust older than the oceanic crust?
Why is the continental crust older than the oceanic crust?
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What is the Earth's crust broken into?
What is the Earth's crust broken into?
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What is the layer beneath the Earth's crust?
What is the layer beneath the Earth's crust?
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What is the main reason for the movement of tectonic plates?
What is the main reason for the movement of tectonic plates?
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What is the approximate thickness of the continental crust?
What is the approximate thickness of the continental crust?
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What is the state of the mantle?
What is the state of the mantle?
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What is the primary driving force behind the movement of tectonic plates, according to the slab pull theory?
What is the primary driving force behind the movement of tectonic plates, according to the slab pull theory?
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What is the geographical feature that is home to approximately 90% of the world's earthquakes?
What is the geographical feature that is home to approximately 90% of the world's earthquakes?
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What type of plate boundary is characterized by the movement of plates past each other in opposite directions?
What type of plate boundary is characterized by the movement of plates past each other in opposite directions?
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What is the term used to describe the process of a denser oceanic plate being subducted under a lighter, less dense continental plate?
What is the term used to describe the process of a denser oceanic plate being subducted under a lighter, less dense continental plate?
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What is the primary hazard associated with conservative (transform) plate boundaries?
What is the primary hazard associated with conservative (transform) plate boundaries?
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What is the term used to describe the formation of new crust at a plate boundary?
What is the term used to describe the formation of new crust at a plate boundary?
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What is the approximate percentage of active volcanoes located around the rim of the Pacific Ocean?
What is the approximate percentage of active volcanoes located around the rim of the Pacific Ocean?
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What is the term used to describe the movement of plates away from each other at a plate boundary?
What is the term used to describe the movement of plates away from each other at a plate boundary?
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What is the location of the Mid Atlantic Ridge?
What is the location of the Mid Atlantic Ridge?
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What is the primary characteristic of hotspots?
What is the primary characteristic of hotspots?
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What is the main composition of the Earth's inner core?
What is the main composition of the Earth's inner core?
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Which type of crust is older and lighter?
Which type of crust is older and lighter?
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What is the state of the Earth's outer core?
What is the state of the Earth's outer core?
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What is the driving force behind the movement of tectonic plates?
What is the driving force behind the movement of tectonic plates?
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What is the primary driving force behind the movement of tectonic plates, according to the current theory?
What is the primary driving force behind the movement of tectonic plates, according to the current theory?
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What happens to the oceanic crust at the boundary with continental crust?
What happens to the oceanic crust at the boundary with continental crust?
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What type of plate boundary is characterized by the movement of plates towards each other?
What type of plate boundary is characterized by the movement of plates towards each other?
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What is the approximate thickness of the oceanic crust?
What is the approximate thickness of the oceanic crust?
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What is the primary hazard associated with constructive plate boundaries?
What is the primary hazard associated with constructive plate boundaries?
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What is the layer beneath the Earth's crust?
What is the layer beneath the Earth's crust?
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What is the approximate percentage of earthquakes that occur along the Pacific 'Ring of Fire'?
What is the approximate percentage of earthquakes that occur along the Pacific 'Ring of Fire'?
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What is the characteristic of the Earth's mantle?
What is the characteristic of the Earth's mantle?
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What is the term used to describe the formation of new crust at a plate boundary?
What is the term used to describe the formation of new crust at a plate boundary?
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What is the result of the movement of the tectonic plates?
What is the result of the movement of the tectonic plates?
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What is the term used to describe the process of a denser oceanic plate being subducted under a lighter, less dense continental plate?
What is the term used to describe the process of a denser oceanic plate being subducted under a lighter, less dense continental plate?
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What is the primary characteristic of hotspots?
What is the primary characteristic of hotspots?
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What is the distribution of volcanoes in relation to plate boundaries?
What is the distribution of volcanoes in relation to plate boundaries?
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What is the primary reason for the formation of earthquakes at plate boundaries?
What is the primary reason for the formation of earthquakes at plate boundaries?
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What is the approximate percentage of active volcanoes located around the rim of the Pacific Ocean?
What is the approximate percentage of active volcanoes located around the rim of the Pacific Ocean?
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What is the term used to describe the process of a denser oceanic plate being subducted under a lighter, less dense continental plate?
What is the term used to describe the process of a denser oceanic plate being subducted under a lighter, less dense continental plate?
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Study Notes
Plate Margins and Active Volcanoes
- Figure 1 is a world map showing plate margins and active volcanoes.
- Active volcanoes are not exclusively found in lines along plate margins.
- Some active volcanoes occur near but not directly on plate margins.
- There are more active volcanoes around the Pacific Ocean, known as the "Ring of Fire".
- The distribution of active volcanoes along plate margins varies, with no clear pattern of more volcanoes on constructive or destructive margins.
- Active volcanoes are found on the western side of North and South America, not the eastern side.
The Structure of the Earth
- The Earth is composed of four main layers: inner core, outer core, mantle, and crust.
- The inner core is a solid and dense layer, about 1400km in diameter, composed of iron and nickel with temperatures of about 5500°C.
- The outer core is a semi-molten metal layer, about 2100km thick, with temperatures between about 5000-5500°C.
- The mantle is a semi-molten layer, about 2900km thick, which is less dense than the outer core.
- The crust varies in thickness and is made up of two types: oceanic and continental.
Crust
- The oceanic crust is thinner (5-10km) but heavier and denser.
- The continental crust is thicker (25-90km) but is older and lighter.
- Oceanic crust is continually created and destroyed as a result of plate movement, where it subducts under the continental crust.
Plate Tectonics
- The crust is broken into a number of tectonic plates.
- These plates move on top of the semi-molten mantle below.
- Current theory suggests that the movement is the result of the weight of the denser oceanic plates subducting and dragging the rest of the plate along (slab pull theory).
Plate Boundaries
- A plate boundary or margin is where two plates meet.
- There are three main types of plate boundaries: constructive, destructive, and conservative (transform).
- Constructive plate boundary: plates move apart, resulting in volcanic eruptions and earthquakes (e.g., Mid Atlantic Ridge).
- Destructive plate boundary: plates move together, resulting in volcanic eruptions and earthquakes (e.g., Nazca plate and South American plate).
- Conservative (transform) boundary: plates move past each other in opposite directions, resulting in earthquakes only.
Distribution of Earthquakes and Volcanoes
- Earthquakes occur at all types of plate boundaries, with most occurring along the Pacific 'Ring of Fire' (approximately 90%).
- Most volcanoes occur at constructive and destructive plate boundaries, with the majority located around the rim of the Pacific Ocean (approximately 75%).
- Hotspots occur away from plate boundaries and are plumes/columns of magma which escape through the Earth's crust.
Primary and Secondary Hazards
- When earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occur, there are primary and secondary hazards.
- Primary hazards of volcanic eruption: ash, pyroclastic flow, lava flow, gas emissions, volcanic bombs, lahars.
- Primary hazards of earthquake: ground shaking, gas emissions, building collapse, landslides, gas leaks, fires.
- Secondary hazards of volcanic eruption: acidification, landslides, climate change, fires, floods.
- Secondary hazards of earthquake: soil liquefaction, subsidence, mudflows, tsunami.
The Structure of the Earth
- The Earth is composed of four main layers: inner core, outer core, mantle, and crust.
- The inner core is a solid and dense layer, about 1400km in diameter, composed of iron and nickel with temperatures of about 5500°C.
- The outer core is a semi-molten metal layer, about 2100km thick, with temperatures between about 5000-5500°C.
- The mantle is a semi-molten layer, about 2900km thick, which is less dense than the outer core.
- The crust varies in thickness and is made up of two types: oceanic and continental.
Crust
- The oceanic crust is thinner (5-10km) but heavier and denser.
- The continental crust is thicker (25-90km) but is older and lighter.
- Oceanic crust is continually created and destroyed as a result of plate movement, where it subducts under the continental crust.
Plate Tectonics
- The crust is broken into a number of tectonic plates.
- These plates move on top of the semi-molten mantle below.
- Current theory suggests that the movement is the result of the weight of the denser oceanic plates subducting and dragging the rest of the plate along (slab pull theory).
Plate Boundaries
- A plate boundary or margin is where two plates meet.
- There are three main types of plate boundaries: constructive, destructive, and conservative (transform).
- Constructive plate boundary: plates move apart, resulting in volcanic eruptions and earthquakes (e.g., Mid Atlantic Ridge).
- Destructive plate boundary: plates move together, resulting in volcanic eruptions and earthquakes (e.g., Nazca plate and South American plate).
- Conservative (transform) boundary: plates move past each other in opposite directions, resulting in earthquakes only.
Distribution of Earthquakes and Volcanoes
- Earthquakes occur at all types of plate boundaries, with most occurring along the Pacific 'Ring of Fire' (approximately 90%).
- Most volcanoes occur at constructive and destructive plate boundaries, with the majority located around the rim of the Pacific Ocean (approximately 75%).
- Hotspots occur away from plate boundaries and are plumes/columns of magma which escape through the Earth's crust.
Primary and Secondary Hazards
- When earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occur, there are primary and secondary hazards.
- Primary hazards of volcanic eruption: ash, pyroclastic flow, lava flow, gas emissions, volcanic bombs, lahars.
- Primary hazards of earthquake: ground shaking, gas emissions, building collapse, landslides, gas leaks, fires.
- Secondary hazards of volcanic eruption: acidification, landslides, climate change, fires, floods.
- Secondary hazards of earthquake: soil liquefaction, subsidence, mudflows, tsunami.
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Description
This quiz assesses understanding of the relationship between plate margins and active volcanoes based on a world map. It tests knowledge of volcanic activity and plate tectonics.
