Plant Tissue: Parenchyma and Collenchyma

• Longer primary productivity and lesser durability of light amount makes lesser primary productivity
• Light intensity can be measured using photons
• Temperature is important

Parenchyma (Permanent Tissue)

• Parenchyma cells form a bulk; They are oval, lemon, and elongated.
• The cell wall is thin and enclosed in tissue so that they contain the nucleus surrounded by a large region.
• They are widely distributed in plant parts such as leaves, root, and flowers.

Function of Parenchyma

• Parenchyma stores and assimilates food
• The intercellular spaces allow for gaseous exchange
• Parenchyma helps plants flow on water
• Parenchyma serves as packing tissue to fill the spaces between other tissues to maintain shape

Collenchyma (Function)

• Collenchyma consists of living cells and is distinguished deposition of cellulose at corners
• Collenchyma shares many features with parenchyma.
• They are elongated in shape and contain a few chloroplasts.
• They are loaded below the epidermis of dicot
• They are found in the midrib
• They serve mechanical function, provide support and elasticity

Sclerenchyma Tissue

• Sclerenchyma has dead cells and large and lack protoplasm. The walls of the cell wall are thickly with deposition of lignin
• Lignin is so thick it causes rigidity due to excess thickening of the cell walls. The walls are closely packed without or intercellular spaces.
• Sclerenchyma are found in roots to stems, veins of the leaves and hard covering of seeds and nuts.

Function of Sclerenchyma

• Sclerenchyma gives strength, turgidity, and flexibility to the body part

Xylem (Complex Permanent Tissues)

• Xylem is a vascular and mechanical tissue, also known as productive tissue. They are composed of tracheids, vessels, tissue, xylem of parenchyma, xylem of sclerenchyma

• Xylem of parenchyma is made up of dead tissue

• The most important is vessel which is a long tube-like structure formed by roles of the placed and to end, they carry water and mineral salt food upland from to different part

• Strands of a vessel and sclerenchyma are made up of liquified cell hence giving strength in the plant body

• Others are made up of living tissue

Phloem

• Like xylem, phloem consists of false but not sell mechanical function or purpose. They are composed of sieve tubes, companion cells, phloem fiber and phloem parenchyma.

• phloem fiber is made up of dead tissue and is important

• Tissue transports photosynthetically, prepared food material from leaves to the storage organ, and later for damage organ to the growing region in the plants body

Function of Plant Tissue

• Plant tissues perform different functions based on structure and composition
• They provide mechanical strength to organs
• They provides elasticity and flaccidity to the organ
• The tissue are the reason why the organ can bend
• The xylem and pholem tissue helps in the transportation of material

Natural selection

• Natural selection is the mechanism that will dominant and replicate or reproduce which is simply
• They are some traits that are best suited than better
• Over time the traits become more common in a population

Component of Natural selection

• Variation: In appearance and behavior, species shows or exhibit, individual variation. Some characteristics shows or exhibits a little or no difference among individuals such as a number of the eyes in vertebrates. There variations may involve body size, hair color, facial markings, noise properties
• Inheritance: Some characteristics of traits are consistently passed on from parents to offspring. Some traits are usually affected by the environment

Interrelationship between Organisms

• The environment is made up of physical and organic physical factors such as soil, air, temperature and organisms. All living things are constantly depending on their environment to supply their everyday means - hence, we are constantly in need of another

Symbiosis

• This is a close relationship between two dissimilar organisms
• Example of this is an ant and Acacia tree

Mutualism

• This is a relationship between two organisms where both organisms benefit.
• Example of this is nitrogen-fixing bacteria and legumes, plant and plant

Commensalism

This is an association between two organisms where one benefits while the other neither benefits or is harmed.

• Example of this is pleural firm

Parasitism

• This is the relationship between living organisms where one benefits this can be at the expense of the other.
• The benefiting organism is called the parasite while the harmed organism is called the host.
• Example of this is Ticks and dogs

Competition

• This is another organism for nutritional requirement. The is predator and prey relationship.
• Example of this is Snake and frog

Assignment: Differences between symbiosis and mutualism

Genetics Concepts

• Gregor Mendel genetics year 1866

• GMO or genetically modified organisms

• Propt gene: The basic unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring

• Phonotype : Observable characteristics of an organism such as plain color and height

• Genotype: the genetic makeup of an individual inherited from the parent

• Homozygous: It is the diploid water condition at a given identical eg TT

• Heterozygous: The diploid condition in which the alleles are dissimilar eg ti

• Alleles: one of the number of alternative number of the gene responsible for the inhered trait characteristics

• Dominant: It is expressed in an offspring. When two individuals with contrasting characteristics are crossed . a dominant trait is controlled by a dominant gene

Symbiosis vs Mutualism

• The cyst is between today's families is a type of symbiotic relationship

First Filial Generation (F1)

• Is made up of offspring made by crossing homozygous parental storks

F2 Generation

• Produced by parents

Round and seed production

Monohybrid Inheritance

• M Mendel cost for definite of plans in one pair of contrasting traits - is round vs Short He planet till planet for sell over a shin and gut of all spring If he planted tail and shorts, started to lower and cause He want the plant the set the set of the cross in steps is a common pure plant when is called as fraternal generation

Mendels 1st law of inheritance (law of segregration)

• It states that characteristics are determined by internal factors that occur in pairs- only one such factory can be expressed in a single gamut

Dihybrid Inheritance

• Pant with two pairs of cantrasting characteristics- smonth vs wrinklets ends and seed colour

Number Pyramid

• It uses the number of individuals at caw Tropic level, the member of organes decreases while going up the

pyramid of biomass

• Instead of counting is individua. Thie amouts of biomass that ist produced at amer tropc level act it adds to the pyramid