Plant Reproduction Quiz

• Plant cells feature a cell wall and a large central vacuole.
• Plants have multiple types of cells that serve specific purposes.
• Cells make up tissues, tissues make up an organ, organs make up an organ system and organ systems make up an organism.

Plant Cell Types

• Parenchyma cells can function in storage, photosynthesis, gas exchange, protection, and tissue repair and replacement.
• Collenchyma cells provide support for surrounding tissues, flexibility for the plants, and tissue repair and replacement.
• Sclerenchyma cells gives support and transport materials.
• Three types of plant cells form most plant tissues.
• Parenchyma cells have thin walls and are flexible, and they can divide even when mature to repair the plant.
• Parenchyma cells containing chloroplasts are often found in leaves and green stems in order to carry out photosynthesis, which producing glucose.
• Parenchyma cells that are found in roots and fruits have large central vacuoles that can store starch, water, or oils.
• Collenchyma cells in plants are often elongated and appear in strands or cylinders to support surrounding cells with unevenly thickened cell walls.
• Sclerenchyma cells lack a cytoplasm but their rigid cell walls remain in place; this is a plant cell that provides support for the plant and functions as a conductor of materials; includes sclereids and fibers.
• Sclereids are also known as stone cells and function in transport; fibers form elastic tissues.

Plant Tissues

• Plant tissues can be composed of one or more types of cells and are meristematic, dermal, vascular, or ground.
• Meristematic tissues produce growth cells.
• Apical meristems are responsible for primary growth that lengthens plants occurs at the tips of shoots and roots, and produces new leaves and flowers.
• Lateral meristems are responsible for secondary growth that widens plant, occurs at the cambium, and produces tree bark.
• Dermal tissue, or the epidermis, covers the outer layer of cells to protect the plant; epidermal cells resemble interlocking pieces of a jigsaw puzzle.
• A waxy cuticle coats plant surfaces to prevent water loss; it prevents bacteria and various microorganisms from going into the plants.
• Guard cells change shape to open and close the stomata and control water loss.
• Trichomes prevent insect and animal predation; root hairs are extensions of root epidermal cells.
• Xylem is vascular tissue that transports water.
• Phloem is a vascular tissue that transports food.
• Ground tissues that aren't meristematic, dermal, or vascular consist of parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma cells and function in photosynthesis, storage, and support.

Roots

• The purpose of roots is to anchor, take in water and minerals, transport water and minerals to the stems using the xylem, bring dissolved food from stems to the roots via the pholem and to store food.
• Taproot systems anchor plants and store food, examples are beets and carrots.
• Fibrous root systems anchor a plant and allow for effective water storage.
• Pneumatophores are root types to supply oxygen to roots submerged in water.
• Adventitious routes form unusual support structures.

Stems

• Stems support leaves, fruit, flowers, and branches, transport water, nutrients, and solutes between roots and leaves, perform photosynthesis, and store material as food.
• Stems like tubers, bulbs, and corms are examples of food storage, while rhizomes and runners perform food storage and asexual reproduction.
• Cells produced by the apical meristem increase the length of stems as the plant grows taller; in annual plants, stem diameter increases due to larger cell sizes.
• Vascular cambium produces xylem and pholem resulting in annual growth rings that indicates its age.

Leaves

• Leaves make food, and leaves capture sunlight to make food through photosynthesis.
• Simple leaves have one blade; compound leaves have blades divided into leaflets.
• Plant responses can come in the form of nastic responses and and tropisms.
• Nastic responses aren't growth responses, are reversible, and are repeatable; movements are not dependent on the direction of stimulus.
• Tropism responses are growth responses to stimulus; positive tropism is the growth to a stimulus, while negative tropism is growth away from the stimulus.
• Phototropism's stimulus is light, gravitropism's stimulus is gravity, and thigmatropism's stimulus is a mechanical one.

Plant Reproduction

• Plants can reproduce sexually and asexually
• The focus question for plant reproduction is how do plants reproduce.
• Vegetative reproduction is an asexual reproduction process in which a new plant grows from parts of an old one which results in a clone
• Advantages of vegetative reproduction includes:
• It is faster
• Produces uniform offspring
• Can produce fruit without seeds
• Disadvantages of vegetative reproduction:
• Overcrowding can occur which causes competition for resources
• Disease of the parent plants can easily be transmitted to the offspring
• No new features in the offspring to adapt to changes in enviromental conditions
• Undesirable characters are passed on to the offspring

Flower Structures

• Functions to protect, support and reproduce
• They have four main organs petals, sepals, pistils and, stamens
• Sepals protect the flower but and are either small leaves like or resemble petals
• Petals are colourful and attract pollinators
• Stamen is the male reproductive organ
• The pisil is the female reproductive structure

Pollination

• Animal Pollination are flowering that are brightly coloured or strongly scented to add attract pollinators
• Wind pollination are flowering that lack fragrant or showy flowers and they produce large amounts of pollen
• Flower Reproduction consists of the stamen, pistols pollen tube, ovaries, seeds, embryos receptacle and sepal.
• Flowering plants that are angiosperms under cell division to become embryos.
• Endosperms are the tissue providing Nutrients to embryos
• Endosperms are observed in seed volume in monocots; and are absorbed into cotyledons for Eudicots
• Seeds that mature cause the layers of the ovule to harden and become protective tissue known as a seed coat.
• Ovules develop into seeds, changes occur in the ovary and evolve into fruit.
• Fruits help with Seed dispersal by reducing competition and increasing the chance of survival
• Seeds have structures and features that allow them to be disposed by wind, animals and water
• Germination happens when embryo increases growth; water absorption initiates germination
• Radicle is the first part of the embryo to appear outside the seed
• First seed to appear above ground is the hypocotyl
• Seeds may undergo dormancy; a period of little/no to increase survival in harsh condition
• The length of dormancy varies between species

Test your knowledge about plant reproduction. This quiz covers seeds, vegetative reproduction, flower structures, pollination, and germination. Understand the roles of different plant parts and processes.