24 Questions
What is the function of RNA in protein synthesis?
To carry instructions from DNA for protein synthesis
What is the role of chromosomes in inheritance of traits?
Analogous to pages in the instruction manual for building a human
What is the nitrogenous base present in RNA but not in DNA?
Uracil (U)
What is the flow of genetic information in a cell for protein synthesis?
DNA -> RNA -> Protein
What is the primary concern of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regarding genetically modified plants?
Human toxicity
What is the main purpose of gene therapy for Severe Combined Immuno-Deficiency (SCID) patients?
To replace defective genes with functional ones
What is the primary source of embryonic stem cells for research?
In vitro fertilization (IVF) process
What is the main characteristic of mature stem cells compared to embryonic stem cells?
They have limited differentiation potential
What did the 2012 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine recognize?
The discovery that mature body cells can be reprogrammed into stem cells
What is the main purpose of cloning?
To make genetically identical copies of an individual
What is the potency hierarchy of stem cells based on their potential to differentiate into different cell types?
Totipotent > Pluripotent > Multipotent > Unipotent
What is the primary focus of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regarding genetically modified plants?
Environmental toxicity
Where does transcription occur?
Nucleus
What is the enzyme responsible for producing RNA during transcription?
RNA polymerase
What recognizes distinct nucleotide sequences in the DNA known as promoters?
RNA polymerase
Where does translation occur?
Cytoplasm
What is the ribosome made of?
Proteins and rRNA
What is the structure of tRNA?
Cloverleaf with an anticodon and an acceptor arm
What is the process of translation primarily involving?
tRNA binding to specific amino acids and docking with complementary RNA codons on the ribosome
What can result from gene mutations?
Non-functional proteins or altered amino acid sequences
What is the purpose of genetically modified crops?
Transfer genetic information to create plants with specific traits
Which techniques are used to create GM crops?
Agrobacterium and gene gun
Which country leads in the cultivation of GM plants?
US
What is the characteristic of 'Roundup Ready' crops?
Resistant to the Roundup herbicide
Study Notes
Genetics and Biotechnology in Plant and Protein Synthesis
- Transcription is the process of copying DNA into mRNA and occurs in the nucleus.
- RNA polymerase is the enzyme that produces RNA by matching RNA nucleotides with complementary DNA nucleotides on the template strand.
- Promoters have distinct nucleotide sequences that RNA polymerase recognizes.
- Translation is the decoding of mRNA by the ribosome to produce an amino acid chain and occurs in the cytoplasm.
- The ribosome is made of proteins and rRNA and comprises a small and a large subunit.
- tRNA has a cloverleaf structure with an anticodon and an acceptor arm for binding amino acids.
- The process of translation involves tRNAs binding to specific amino acids and docking with complementary RNA codons on the ribosome.
- Gene mutations can result from base substitution, insertion, or deletion, leading to different outcomes such as non-functional proteins or altered amino acid sequences.
- Genetically modified crops involve plant biotechnology techniques to transfer genetic information, creating transgenic plants with specific traits.
- Agrobacterium and gene gun are two techniques used to create GM crops.
- Worldwide adoption of GM crops has exceeded 1 billion acres, with the US leading in the cultivation of GM plants.
- "Roundup Ready" crops are resistant to the Roundup herbicide, while "Bt" crops produce the Bt toxin to kill pests. These crops have been developed and regulated by agencies like the USDA in the US.
Test your knowledge of genetics, biotechnology, and protein synthesis in plants with this quiz. Explore topics such as transcription, translation, gene mutations, and genetically modified crops, including techniques used and their impact on agriculture.
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