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Questions and Answers
What is the primary goal of plant breeding, and how is it achieved?
What is the primary goal of plant breeding, and how is it achieved?
The primary goal of plant breeding is to manipulate desired traits via genetic engineering or artificial selection.
What is the difference between transgenic and cisgenic organisms?
What is the difference between transgenic and cisgenic organisms?
Transgenic organisms use DNA from different species, while cisgenic organisms use DNA from the same or closely related species.
What is the purpose of progeny testing in plant breeding?
What is the purpose of progeny testing in plant breeding?
Progeny testing compares offspring traits for desired characteristics.
What is genomic selection, and how does it contribute to plant breeding?
What is genomic selection, and how does it contribute to plant breeding?
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What are some of the advantages of GMOs?
What are some of the advantages of GMOs?
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What is the role of CRISPR/Cas9 in gene editing?
What is the role of CRISPR/Cas9 in gene editing?
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What is micropropagation, and what are its benefits?
What is micropropagation, and what are its benefits?
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What are some of the ethical considerations in plant breeding and genetics?
What are some of the ethical considerations in plant breeding and genetics?
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What are the four DNA components, and what are their symbols?
What are the four DNA components, and what are their symbols?
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What is agricultural biotechnology, and how does it improve crops?
What is agricultural biotechnology, and how does it improve crops?
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Study Notes
Plant Breeding and Genetics
Plant Breeding
- Manipulation of plants for desired traits through genetic engineering or artificial selection
- Aims to improve crop yields, disease resistance, and overall plant performance
Genetic Engineering
- Alteration of genes in plants/animals for beneficial purposes
- Results in Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)
Natural Selection
- Process in which well-adapted organisms survive and reproduce, passing on their advantageous traits
- Occurs naturally, without human intervention
Breeding Techniques
- Progeny testing: compares offspring traits to identify desired characteristics
- Performance testing: evaluates plant varieties under identical conditions to assess their performance
- Genotyping: identifies genetic differences in organisms to inform breeding decisions
- Genomic selection: studies genome structure and function to predict trait expression
- Micropropagation: produces disease-free plants in a sterile medium
Agricultural Biotechnology
- Improves crops through DNA editing and selective breeding
- Aims to increase crop yields, disease resistance, and overall plant performance
GMOs
- Advantages: disease, pest, drought, and herbicide resistance; increased yields
- Concerns: potential herbicide resistance in weeds, ethical issues surrounding their use
Gene Editing (CRISPR/Cas9)
- Modifies DNA without cross-species gene insertion
- Precise and efficient method for editing genes
Ethical Considerations
- Balance between increased production and biodiversity conservation
- Concerns about use of chemicals, technology understanding, and potential negative impacts on ecosystems
Selection Criteria for Crops
- Disease and pest resistance
- Yield
- Drought resistance
- Palatability
DNA Components
- Adenine (A)
- Guanine (G)
- Thymine (T)
- Cytosine (C)
Transgenic vs. Cisgenic
- Transgenic: uses DNA from different species
- Cisgenic: uses DNA from the same or closely related species
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Description
Learn about plant breeding techniques, including genetic engineering, natural selection, and progeny testing, to understand how desired traits are achieved in plants.
