Plant Biology: Seeds and Germination

37 Questions

In the process of germination, which part of the seed emerges first?

Radicle

Which type of germination involves the cotyledons remaining below the ground?

Hypogeal

What is the correct sequence of stages in the germination of a bean seed?

Radicle emergence, root growth, plumule emergence, leaf development

What determines the type of germination a plant will undergo?

Species of the plant

What is the role of germination in a plant's life cycle?

To allow the plant to grow and reproduce

Which part of the seed is responsible for the initial growth into a young plant?

Radicle

What is the primary function of cotyledons in a seed?

Nourishing the developing embryo

How are albuminous seeds different from exalbuminous seeds?

Albuminous seeds contain endosperm, while exalbuminous seeds do not.

Which structure in the seed does not form part of the embryo?

Seed coat

In which type of seed would you find two thick cotyledons?

Dicotyledonous seeds

What is the main purpose of the endosperm tissue in seeds?

To store food for the developing embryo

What role do cotyledons play in epigeal germination?

They are brought above the ground to perform photosynthesis.

Which part of the seed is responsible for absorbing food from the endosperm?

Cotyledons

Which condition is unfavorable for germination?

Very low temperature

In hypogeal germination, what is the position of the cotyledons?

They remain underground, where the food is stored.

What is the primary nutrient absorbed by the seed during germination?

Carbohydrates

Which condition is NOT necessary for germination?

Sunlight

What is the function of the micropyle in a seed?

It allows water to enter the seed.

Which feature is NOT present in a bean seed?

Endosperm

What is the role of cotyledons in germination?

They are packed with food for the embryo.

What distinguishes the radicle of a bean seed from that of a maize grain?

The radicle of a bean seed is large.

Which part of the seed develops into the young shoot?

Plumule

Which of the following is a feature of maize grain but not of bean seed?

Presence of endosperm

Which of the following definitions is correct?

Radicle: The young root

What is the main purpose of keeping beaker B in a refrigerator in the experiment to prove the necessity of water for germination?

To provide a dry environment devoid of moisture

In the experiment with the bean seed fixed to a glass slide, why does the middle seed germinate?

It is at the optimal water level, receiving both oxygen and water

What conclusion can be made from the experiment involving seeds placed in beaker A and B?

Water is a crucial factor for seed germination

In the experiment proving the necessity of a suitable temperature for germination, what role does the top seed play?

It serves as the control by being fully exposed to air

What can be inferred about the bottom bean seed in the experiment with the glass slide?

It will not germinate due to lack of oxygen

What is the role of cotyledons in a bean seed?

Store food for the developing embryo

Which part of a bean seed is responsible for absorbing air and water for the embryo?

Micropyle

In maize grains, what is the protective sheath enclosing the radicle called?

Coleorhiza

What is the term for the single cotyledon found in maize grains?

Scutellum

What is the main storage component in the endosperm of maize grains?

Starch

Which part of the bean seed is referred to as the 'embryonic shoot'?

Plumule

In bean seeds, what is the function of the hypocotyl?

Support the attached cotyledons

Which structure in bean seeds is directly involved in protecting the seed from bacterial and fungal attacks?

Testa

Study Notes

Seeds - Structure and Germination

A seed is the fertilized ovule of a plant, which develops from the ovule inside the ovary.
Seeds consist of a seed coat, cotyledons, and an embryo, which contains the radicle, plumule, and hypocotyl.

Parts of a Seed

Seed coat: The outer, protective covering of the seed.
Cotyledons: The internal food storage tissues that nourish the developing embryo.
Embryo: The tiny, undeveloped plant inside the seed, consisting of the radicle, plumule, and hypocotyl.
Radicle: The embryonic root.
Plumule: The embryonic shoot.
Hypocotyl: The stem-like structure.

Bean Seeds

Bean seeds are made up of two parts: cotyledons and an embryo.
Cotyledons store food for the developing embryo.
The embryo contains the radicle and plumule.
Seed coat: The outermost layer of the seed, protecting the inside from injury and attack from bacteria, fungi, and insects.
Testa: The outer, brown covering of the seed coat.
Tegmen: The thin inner layer of the seed coat, lying next to the testa.
Hilum: The scar on the concave side of the seed where the ovule was attached to the ovary.
Micropyle: A tiny pore situated near the hilum, through which the embryo receives air and water.

Maize Grains

Maize grains are actually single-seeded fruits.
The fruit wall and the seed coat are fused together to form a protective layer.
The embryo is located in a small, light-colored oval area on the side of the grain.
Endosperm: The tissue rich in starch, making up the majority of the grain.
Scutellum: The protective layer covering the embryo, which is a single cotyledon.
Coleorhiza: The protective sheath enclosing the radicle.
Coleoptile: The protective sheath enclosing the plumule.

Germination

Germination: The process of formation of a seedling from the embryo.
Germination occurs when a seed absorbs water, warms up, and gets oxygen.
Conditions necessary for germination: water, suitable temperature, and air (oxygen).

External Features of a Seed

Seed coat: The outer protective covering of the seed.
Micropyle: A small pore in the seed coat through which water enters the seed.
Hilum: A scar on the seed coat where the seed was attached to the fruit.

Longitudinal Section of a Seed

Cotyledons: Seed leaves packed with food for the embryo during germination.
Endosperm: A food storage tissue providing nutrients to the embryo during germination.
Plumule: The young shoot.
Radicle: The young root.
Embryo: The developing plant inside the seed.

Types of Germination

Epigeal: The cotyledons emerge above the ground.
Hypogeal: The cotyledons remain below the ground.

The Seedling

Germination involves the cotyledons absorbing food from the endosperm, the radicle emerging from the seed, growing downward, and forming the root, and the plumule emerging from the seed, growing upward, and forming the shoot.

Learn about the structure and germination of seeds, a crucial part of plant reproduction and survival. Understand the different parts of a seed and their functions.

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