Plant Biology Quiz on Vascular Cambium

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary role of the vascular cambium in plants?

It provides structural support to the stem.

It generates new xylem and phloem. (correct)

It produces new leaves and flowers.

It absorbs water and nutrients from the soil.

During which season is the vascular cambium most active in producing larger diameter xylem?

Winter

Autumn

Summer

Spring (correct)

What is the difference between heartwood and sapwood?

Heartwood transports nutrients, while sapwood does not.

Heartwood is non-functional, while sapwood is functional. (correct)

Heartwood consists of living cells, while sapwood is dead.

Heartwood is formed in the spring, while sapwood is formed in winter.

What climatic period resulted in the production of trees with thin growth rings?

The Little Ice Age Signup and view all the answers

How do climatological conditions influence the structure of year rings in trees?

They determine the size and density of the rings. Signup and view all the answers

What defines tissue in biological terms?

A group of cells with a common structure and function Signup and view all the answers

Which plant tissue is primarily responsible for the transportation of water?

Xylem Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes plant cells from animal cells in terms of developmental potential?

Plant cells can be totipotent, while animal cells are unipotent Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following tissues is classified under ground tissue?

Parenchyma Signup and view all the answers

What are the main organs of a plant?

Roots, stems, leaves Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of studying plant structure?

To understand function Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is specifically associated with protecting DNA?

Nucleus Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic of chloroplasts is essential for their function?

Large specific area to capture light Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures is involved in oxidative metabolism?

Peroxisomes Signup and view all the answers

Who is known as the 'Father of Botany' for his contributions to taxonomy?

Theophrastus Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main reasons for studying plants related to global food needs?

To increase crop production rates to meet future demands Signup and view all the answers

Which four crops produce nearly two-thirds of global agricultural calories?

Maize, rice, wheat, and soybean Signup and view all the answers

What percentage increase per year is required for the top global crops to achieve doubling in production by 2050?

2.4% Signup and view all the answers

Who was known for the 'Complete Herbal' which detailed the pharmacological uses of plants?

Culpeper Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential outcome of future climate conditions on crop yields?

Dramatic decreases in crop yields Signup and view all the answers

Which material is NOT typically associated with plant study for practical applications?

Metals Signup and view all the answers

What role does biomimicry play in the study of plants?

It involves drawing inspiration from plant structures for innovation. Signup and view all the answers

In addition to medicine and food, which of the following is also a reason to study plants?

Materials like fibers and polymers Signup and view all the answers

What is produced by the cork cambium during secondary growth?

Cork cells Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly defines bark?

Phloem and periderm Signup and view all the answers

What happens if the bark of a tree is removed?

The tree will die due to lack of phloem transport. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary material that covers cork cells produced by the cork cambium?

Suberin Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the combination of cork cambium and cork in a tree?

Periderm Signup and view all the answers

What is a key reason plasticity is more common in plants than in animals?

Plants are primarily sessile and need to cope with local conditions. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes heterophylly?

Plants can produce leaves with different shapes in different conditions. Signup and view all the answers

What are the three main organs of a plant?

Roots, stems, and leaves. Signup and view all the answers

What does 'environmental plasticity' refer to in plants?

The variation in plant structures due to environmental factors. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about plant structure is accurate?

Plants may vary greatly in structure due to environmental and genetic factors. Signup and view all the answers

What can be inferred about plant species diversity?

The number of angiosperms significantly surpasses other plant groups. Signup and view all the answers

Why is a tree's adaptation to growing upside down an example of plasticity?

It signifies the tree's ability to modify its structure for survival. Signup and view all the answers

Which plant group has the highest number of species?

Angiosperms. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Module Information

Module title: Physiology of Plants and Animals BL1004
Lecturer: Prof. Marcel Jansen
Email: [email protected]
Department: Plant & Environmental Sciences, BEES, Enterprise Centre, Distillery Field
Module Coordinator: Prof Marcel Jansen

Staff

Prof Marcel Jansen: Module coordinator, 8 lectures on plant physiology
Prof Rob McAllen, Dr Fidelma Butler, Prof Sarah Culloty & Dr Neil Coughlan: Lecturers on animal physiology, 9 lectures
Dr Tom Quirke: Coordinator for 2 practical sessions, [email protected]

Lectures

Timetables available on Canvas
Group 1: Biological and Chemical Sciences
Group 2: Food Science & Technology, Nutritional Sciences, Geography and Archaeology, Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences
Divergent timetables possible between groups

How to Study

Textbooks: Campbell & Reece (editions 9, 10, 11, 12...)
Lectures
PPTs on Canvas
Annotate slides and make notes

Assessment

Practical Plant Physiology: 15%
Practical Animal Physiology: 15%
Winter MCQ exam: 70%
Absence form required for missed practicals
Email [email protected] for queries

Plant Physiology

Importance of plants for climate change, sustainability, resources, food supply, biodiversity and pollution.
Plant blindness – overlooking plants in modern society.
Plant biomass dominates Earth’s biomass (450 Gt out of ~550 Gt)
Plant biomass consists of archaea(7GtC), viruses (0.2GtC), bacteria (70 GtC), protists (4 GtC), fungi (12 GtC), and animals (2 GtC)

History of Plant Study

Phytochemicals/medicine:
- Dioscorides (50-70 AD): Greek in the Roman army, De Materia Medica, detailed pharmacological uses of plants, significant reference work for a millennium
- Culpeper (1616-165): Complete Herbal, Detailed pharmacological uses of plants
Modern History
- Food quantity and quality, leading to sustainability concerns, global food production to double by 2050 (yields increasing, but not fast enough), and likely decline under future climate conditions.

Plant Structures

Plant structure, including various examples of homology and adaptations, determining plant growth and development:
- Vegetation structure (ecology)
- Tissue: Group of cells with common structure and function
  - Dermal tissue: single layer epidermis
  - Vascular tissue: xylem, phloem
  - Ground tissue: Parenchyma (Meristems)
- Plant cells are totipotent: all cells can de-differentiate, divide, and develop into complete new organims (unlike animal cells.) Different types of animal cells have restricted development potential.
- Structure affects function (eg., plant cells, leaf structure)
- Three plant organs: Roots, stems, leaves
- Leaf structure: epidermis, waxy cuticle, stomata, trichomes (hairs), mesophyll (pallisade and spongy) and vascular system.
- Stem structure: epidermis, cortex, pith, vascular bundles)
- Root structure (Anatomy): epidermis, cortex, pith, vascular tissue (xylem and phloem)
- Root structure (Morphology): tap vs fibrous root system, lateral roots, adventitious roots, various root adaptations, and root hairs.
- Three plant tissues: Four according to Leaving Cert! (Dermal, Vascular, Ground (Parenchyma) tissue (Meristems))

Plant Functions

Photosynthesis: Leafs are important for this process.
Reproduction, and examples of modified leaves(storage, spines, tendrils)
Modified stems: Phylloclade (photosynthetic stems), Rhizome, underground stems, Stem tuber (potato)
Stem structure: Apex - bud with meristem
- Node & internode
- Axillary buds, apical dominance, lateral shoots and roots.
How the plant structures work together and how the plant grows.
Primary growth (mitosis and cell enlargement)
Secondary growth (vascular and cork cambium.)

Why Study Plant Structure?

Understanding function
Exemplifying homology and phylogeny
Examples of plant adaptations (e.g., convergent evolution, plasticity)
Taxonomy (identifying, grouping and naming organisms)

Additional Information

Some plant-related examples for various aspects of the study:
- Bristlecone pines (5000 years), Yew (2000 years)
- Tree-ring analysis
- Environmental plasticity
- The position of the vascular system
- Plant growth (types of growth patterns and timescales of growth – annual, biennials, perennials)

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Description

Test your knowledge on the vascular cambium and its functions within plants. This quiz covers various aspects of plant tissue, growth rings, and the roles of different structures in plant biology. Discover how climatological factors influence tree growth and understand the importance of studying plant structure.