Plant Biology: Adaptations, Non-vascular & Vascular
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Questions and Answers

What are the five plant characteristics?

Plants are multicellular eukaryotes, contain chloroplasts for photosynthesis, are non-motile (fixed to one spot), cell walls are made of cellulose, and respond to the environment.

What are the plants' major adaptations to life on land?

Protection from drying out, vessels to transport water, nutrients and wastes, and using stems and leaves to hold the plant up and do photosynthesis.

What are non-vascular plants?

Non-vascular plants have no system of vessels to carry nutrients, water or waste.

How do non-vascular plants reproduce?

<p>They need a moist surface for gametes to swim together for reproduction. They make spores not seeds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In non-vascular plants reproduction how do nutrients and waste move between cells?

<p>Osmosis and diffusion making Their growth limited</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do seeds help with?

<p>They allow a plant to reproduce sexually without needing water for the gametes to swim to each other.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are Gymnosperms?

<p>Naked seeds</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two classes of angiosperms?

<p>Monocots and dicots</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two types of vessels in a vascular bundle?

<p>Xylem and phloem</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is Xylem formed?

<p>Long tracheids that are dead cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does water move into the xylem?

<p>In the roots from the soil by osmosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is transpiration?

<p>Evaporation of water from plant leaves</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are Monocots roots?

<p>Fibrous and networked</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many seed leaves does Monocots have?

<p>One seed leaf</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the vascular tissue in Monocots?

<p>It is scattered</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are the leaf stems in Monocots?

<p>Parallel veins in leaf stems</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are the flower petals in Monocots?

<p>In multiples of 3</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are the roots of the dicots?

<p>Taproots like the long thick central root seen on dandelions</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many seed roots does dicots have?

<p>Two seed leafs</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are the veins of dicots?

<p>Network of veins in their leaf stems</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are the petals of a dicots?

<p>Multiples of 4 or 5</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the Functions of Roots?

<p>Anchor the plant in the soil, absorb water and minerals, protect the soil from erosion, and carry water to plant through xylem.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the 4 zones of The Structure of a Root?

<p>Zone of Maturation, Zone of elongation, Meristematic region, and Root Cap</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens in the Zone of Maturation?

<p>Cells turn into different types of cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens in the Meristematic region?

<p>Rapid mitosis of undifferentiated meristemic cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Root Cap do?

<p>Protects the meristematic region.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are Root hairs?

<p>Extensions of root epidermal cells that greatly increase root surface area.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are Annual plants?

<p>They must grow from seeds every year and they have green stems</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the Functions of a leaf?

<p>Trap light energy for photosynthesis and produce glucose, exchange of gases, water lost from leaves by transpiration helps pull more water up from roots, and provide food, shade, habitat and oxygen for many organisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula for photosynthesis?

<p>$6CO_2 + 6H_2O + light \rightarrow C_6H_{12}O_6 + 6O_2$</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Cuticle?

<p>A waxy layer to protect leaf and reduce water and gas loss.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Epidermis?

<p>Provide mechanical strength to the leaf and they are transparent for sunlight to enter</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are Palisade Cells?

<p>Found just under upper epidermis, contain large numbers of chloroplasts with chlorophyll it is the main site of photosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Stomata?

<p>Found on the bottom surface of a leaf. designed for gas exchange, carbon dioxide in and oxygen out, opens and closes according to need for carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Spongy Mesophyll?

<p>Loosely packed cells near the bottom of the leaf that have large air spaces for gases to diffuse in and out of the leaf.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some common dicots?

<p>Potatoes, squash, salad greens and legumes common trees and shrubs like maples, oaks and roses</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Five Plant Characteristics

Multicellular eukaryotes with chloroplasts, non-motile, cellulose cell walls, and responsive to the environment.

Plants' Adaptations to Land

Protection from drying out, vessels for transport, and stems/leaves for support and photosynthesis.

Non-vascular Plants

Plants lacking a vascular system for transporting nutrients, water, and waste.

Non-vascular Plant Reproduction

They require a moist surface for gamete fertilization and reproduce via spores, not seeds.

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Non-vascular Nutrient Transport

Nutrients and waste move through osmosis and diffusion, limiting their growth.

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Seed Advantage

Enable plants to reproduce sexually without needing water for gametes to swim to each other.

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Gymnosperms

Plants with 'naked seeds' not enclosed in an ovary.

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Angiosperms

Flowering plants that produce flowers as reproductive organs.

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Angiosperm Classes

Monocots and dicots.

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Vascular Bundle Vessels

Xylem and phloem.

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Xylem Formation

Formed from long, dead tracheid cells.

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Water into Xylem

Water moves from the soil into the roots via osmosis.

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Transpiration

Evaporation of water from plant leaves.

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Phloem Formation

Formed from living sieve tube elements.

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Monocot Roots

Fibrous and networked.

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Monocot Seed Leaves

One seed leaf.

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Monocot Vascular Tissue

Scattered vascular tissue.

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Monocot Leaf Veins

Parallel veins in leaf stems.

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Monocot Flower Petals

In multiples of 3.

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Dicot Roots

Taproots, like dandelions.

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Dicot Seed Leaves

Two seed leaves.

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Dicot Vascular Tissue

Vascular tissue in an outer ring.

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Dicot Leaf Veins

Network of veins in their leaf stems.

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Dicot Petals.

Multiples of 4 or 5.

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Functions of Roots

Anchor, absorb, protect soil, carry water.

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Root Structure Zones

Zone of maturation, elongation, meristematic region, and root cap.

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Zone of Maturation

Cells differentiate into different types.

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Zone of Elongation

Allows the root to grow deeper into the soil.

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Meristematic Region

Rapid mitosis of undifferentiated meristematic cells.

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Root Cap Function

Protects the meristematic region.

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Study Notes

  • Plants are multicellular eukaryotes containing chloroplasts for photosynthesis
  • Plants are non-motile with cell walls made of cellulose, and respond to the environment

Plant Adaptations to Land

  • Protection from drying out
  • Vessels to transport water, nutrients, and wastes
  • Stems and leaves for support and photosynthesis

Non-vascular Plants

  • Lack vessels for transporting nutrients, water, and waste
  • Reproduction requires a moist surface for gametes to unite
  • Spores are produced instead of seeds
  • Nutrients and waste move via osmosis and diffusion, limiting growth

Seeds

  • Seeds facilitate sexual reproduction without the need for water for gamete transfer

Gymnosperms

  • Gymnosperms bear "naked seeds"

Angiosperms

  • Angiosperms are flowering plants

Angiosperm Classes

  • Angiosperms divide into monocots and dicots

Vascular Bundles

  • Xylem consists of long, dead tracheid cells

Xylem

  • Water enters xylem in the roots from the soil through osmosis

Transpiration

  • Water evaporates from plant leaves

Phloem

  • Phloem comprises living sieve tube elements

Monocots

  • Monocots feature fibrous, networked roots
  • They possess one seed leaf
  • Vascular tissue is scattered
  • Parallel veins are present in leaf stems
  • Flower petals occur in multiples of three

Dicots

  • Dicots have taproots, like dandelions
  • They contain two seed leaves
  • Vascular tissue is arranged in an outer ring
  • Leaf stems exhibit a network of veins
  • Petals appear in multiples of four or five

Root Functions

  • Roots anchor plants in the soil
  • Roots absorb water and minerals
  • Roots protect the soil from erosion
  • Roots transport water to the plant via xylem

Root Structure Zones

  • Zone of Maturation: cells differentiate into specific types
  • Zone of Elongation: enables deeper root penetration into the soil
  • Meristematic Region: rapid mitosis of undifferentiated cells occurs
  • Root Cap: protects the meristematic region

Root Hairs

  • Root hairs are extensions of epidermal cells, increasing surface area

Plant Lifecycles

  • Annual plants grow from seeds each year and have green stems
  • Perennial plants grow year after year and possess woody stems

Stem Functions

  • Stems support leaves for light exposure
  • Xylem transports water and dissolved minerals
  • Phloem transports dissolved sugars

Leaf Functions

  • Leaves trap light for photosynthesis to produce glucose
  • Leaves facilitate gas exchange
  • Transpiration from leaves aids water uptake from roots
  • Leaves provide resources for various organisms

Photosynthesis

  • Photosynthesis produces glucose

Leaf Anatomy

  • Cuticle: a waxy layer that protects the leaf and minimizes water and gas loss
  • Epidermis: provides mechanical support and allows sunlight to penetrate
  • Palisade Cells: located under the upper epidermis, containing numerous chloroplasts for photosynthesis
  • Stomata: on the leaf's bottom surface to regulates gas exchange and carbon dioxide intake.

Spongy Mesophyll

  • Spongy Mesophyll: loosely arranged cells facilitate gas diffusion with large air spaces

Common Dicots

  • Potatoes, squash, salad greens, legumes
  • Maples, oaks and roses

Common Monocots

  • Orchids, grasses, wheat, and rice
  • Bamboo, palms, and sugarcane

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Description

Overview of plant adaptations to land, including the evolution of vascular systems, seeds, and flowers. Explores non-vascular plants, gymnosperms, and angiosperms, highlighting key characteristics. Focus on xylem and water transport.

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