Plant and Animal Growth Mechanisms

The failure of chromosomes to separate properly during cell division, resulting in daughter cells with an abnormal number of chromosomes.

A cell with only one set of chromosomes. It results from meiosis.

A zygote formed from the fusion of two gametes. It has two sets of chromosomes.

A condition where a cell has an extra copy of a chromosome, particularly chromosome 21, usually leading to a lethal outcome.

The process by which a cell divides to produce gametes (sperm and egg cells) with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell.

A condition where a cell lacks a chromosome, which often leads to death, especially in the case of chromosome 21.

These are the genes responsible for producing proteins that are essential for cell survival.

A cell that has a complete and correct set of chromosomes.

The increase in size and complexity of an organism, often involving an increase in cell number and differentiation.

A period of rapid growth and development in young organisms.

A region of actively dividing cells in plants, found at the tips of stems and roots.

The process of cells dividing and increasing in number.

The process by which cells become specialized to perform specific functions.

The cells formed at the margin of an apical meristem that cease to divide and instead expand and differentiate.

The region of an apical meristem where daughter cells continue to divide and remain undifferentiated.

The process of growth in plants that is restricted to specialized regions called meristems.

The shoot apical meristem is responsible for producing cells that contribute to the stem's extension growth and the development of leaves and flowers.

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that can divide and differentiate into specialized cells.

Tissue repair is the process of healing wounds by replacing lost cells. This involves the division and differentiation of stem cells.

Cell replacement refers to the process of replacing lost cells through cell division. This occurs in tissues like the epidermis where cells are constantly abraded.

The basal layer of the epidermis contains stem cells that divide and differentiate to replace lost skin cells.

Keratin is a tough protein that is produced by cells in the epidermis. It waterproofs and protects the body.

Differentiation is the process by which cells specialize and acquire unique functions.

The phase in the cell cycle where DNA replicates, resulting in two copies of each chromosome.

The phase in the cell cycle where the cell grows and prepares for DNA replication.

The phase in the cell cycle where the cell grows and prepares for mitosis.

A state where cells exit the cell cycle and do not divide, but continue functioning.

The process where two DNA molecules in a duplicated chromosome are held together by cohesin loops.

The process where two identical DNA molecules are created from one DNA molecule.

The amount of DNA present in a cell nucleus.

A group of proteins that control the progression of the cell cycle. There are different types of cyclins, each regulating specific stages of the cycle.

Enzymes that are activated by cyclins. They add phosphate groups to other proteins, activating them and controlling the cell cycle progression.

A point in the cell cycle where the cell checks if everything is in order before moving to the next stage. These checkpoints ensure proper cell division and prevent errors.

The process of cell growth and division, where one cell replicates itself into two daughter cells. It's essential for the development and repair of tissues

They are proteins that help regulate the cell cycle. Each type of cyclin activates a specific set of proteins that carry out the actions needed during that phase. This ensures that all actions are performed at the correct time.

Spread of cancer cells from a primary tumor to other parts of the body, forming secondary tumors.

A measure of how many cells in a tissue are undergoing mitosis (cell division).

A region of rapidly dividing cells in plants found at the tips of roots and shoots.

Hormones that stimulate the growth and division of cells.

A condition characterized by uncontrolled cell growth and division, leading to the formation of tumors.

Tumors that are characterized by uncontrolled growth and the ability to spread to other parts of the body.