Plant Anatomy: Xylem and Root Systems Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What are the additional outgrowths found between the leaf base and lamina in some grasses called?

  • Stipels
  • Venation
  • Stipules
  • Ligule (correct)

    • Which type of venation is characterized by a prominent midrib with branching secondary veins forming a network?

  • Palmately reticulate venation
  • Pinnately reticulate venation (correct)
  • Parallel venation
  • Linear venation

    • In palmately reticulate venation, what is the defining characteristic?

  • Multiple principal veins arise from a single point (correct)
  • Veins run parallel to each other
  • Veins converge to the apex
  • Single midrib

    • What are leaves without stipules referred to as?

    <p>Exstipulate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of palmately reticulate venation has principal veins that diverge from the base toward the margin?

    <p>Palmately divergent type</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of stipules in plants?

    <p>Protect the leaf in the bud condition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the arrangement of veins and veinlets in a leaf called?

    <p>Venation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of venation is commonly found in all dicot leaves?

    <p>Pinnately reticulate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of root is characterized by a swollen, beaded appearance?

    <p>Moniliform root</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the velamen tissue in epiphytic roots?

    <p>Absorb moisture from the air</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following roots grows vertically downward from lateral branches for support?

    <p>Prop root</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of root develops from the nodes of the stem and helps a plant to climb?

    <p>Climbing root</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which roots are specifically adapted to provide mechanical support in plants like Saccharum officinarum?

    <p>Stilt roots</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of root is known for penetrating the host plant to extract nutrients in parasitic plants?

    <p>Sucking root</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The buttress roots are primarily found in which type of environment?

    <p>Tall rain forests</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of root can perform photosynthesis due to the presence of chlorophyll?

    <p>Photosynthetic root</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of root system is characterized by a single main root that persists and grows larger?

    <p>Tap root system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which tissue is primarily responsible for transporting water and minerals in plants?

    <p>Xylem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of phloem tissue?

    <p>Transports sugars</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the function of the root cap?

    <p>Protects meristematic cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of root system do lateral roots arise from various regions of the plant body?

    <p>Fibrous root system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about xylem is true?

    <p>It primarily consists of dead cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following root systems is generally found in grasses?

    <p>Fibrous root system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'positively geotropic' refer to in the context of plant roots?

    <p>Roots grow downward into the soil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of meristematic tissue in plants?

    <p>Continuous cell division and growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of plant tissue?

    <p>Chloroplast</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organ systems are primarily involved in a vascular plant's structure?

    <p>Root system and shoot system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which plant tissue is responsible for transport and contains cells like tracheids and vessels?

    <p>Xylem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two general types of plant tissues?

    <p>Meristematic and Permanent tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What feature distinguishes permanent tissues from meristematic tissues?

    <p>Ability to divide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the plant contains apical meristem tissue?

    <p>At the tips of stems and roots</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure do the xylem and phloem form in stems?

    <p>Vascular bundle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the lowest level of plant organization?

    <p>Cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells transport water and nutrients from the roots to the rest of the plant?

    <p>Xylem cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the conducting cells of the xylem called?

    <p>Tracheary elements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic distinguishes vessel elements from tracheids?

    <p>Vessel elements are wider than tracheids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to a column of water in vessel elements when an air bubble forms?

    <p>It prevents water transport through the entire vascular pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about tracheids compared to vessel elements?

    <p>Tracheids can function even when one is impaired</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What features are present in both vessel elements and tracheids?

    <p>Pits in their secondary cell walls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What encases vascular bundles in stems?

    <p>Ground tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Xylem vs. Phloem

    • Xylem: Composed of dead cells, transports water and minerals upwards. High biomass.
    • Phloem: Composed of living cells, transports sugars up and down. Low biomass.

    Root System

    • Roots: Non-green, cylindrical, descending axis; develops from the radicle; absorbs water and nutrients, anchors the plant.

    Types of Root Systems

    • Tap root system: Primary root persists and grows, forming the main root (dicots). Lateral roots branch off.
    • Fibrous/Adventitious root system: Roots develop from areas other than the radicle (e.g., stem base, nodes). Common in monocots; thread-like roots of equal size.

    Root Regions & Structures

    • Root tip: Covered by a root cap (protective parenchymatous cells). Variations include multiple root caps (Pandanus) and root pockets (Pistia).
    • Root zones: Three distinct zones above the root cap based on meristematic activity.

    Specialized Roots

    • Moniliform/Beaded roots: Swell at intervals (e.g., Vitis, Portulaca).
    • Annulated root: Ring-like swellings (e.g., Psychotria).
    • Prop/Pillar roots: Grow vertically downward from branches for support (e.g., Ficus benghalensis).
    • Stilt/Brace roots: Oblique roots from basal nodes for support (e.g., Saccharum officinarum).
    • Climbing roots: Roots from nodes that attach to supports (e.g., Epipremnum pinnatum).
    • Buttress roots: Broad plank-like growths at the base for support in tall trees (e.g., Bombax ceiba).
    • Epiphytic/Velamen roots: Aerial roots with spongy velamen tissue for moisture absorption (e.g., Vanda).
    • Foliar roots: Roots from leaves for new plant formation (e.g., Bryophyllum).
    • Sucking/Haustorial roots: Roots of parasitic plants that penetrate the host (e.g., Cuscuta).
    • Photosynthetic roots: Chlorophyll-containing roots that photosynthesize (e.g., Tinospora).

    Levels of Plant Organization

    • Cellular level: Parenchyma, sclerenchyma, collenchyma, cork, tracheids, vessels, sieve tube cells.
    • Tissue level: Epidermis, cortex, xylem, phloem.
    • Organ level: Root, stem, leaf, flower, fruit.
    • Organ system level: Root system, shoot system.

    Plant Tissues

    • Meristematic tissue: Regions of continuous cell division and growth.
      • Apical meristems: Tips of stems and roots; enable length extension.
    • Permanent tissue: Cells no longer actively dividing.

    Vascular Tissue

    • Xylem: Transports water and minerals; tracheary elements (vessel elements, tracheids). Cells dead at maturity.
    • Phloem: Transports sugars; living cells at maturity.

    Stem

    • Develops from the plumule; bears lateral appendages (leaves, buds, branches).

    Leaves

    • Stipules: Lateral appendages at the leaf base (dicots).
    • Ligule: Outgrowth between leaf base and lamina (some monocots).
    • Stipels: Stipule-like outgrowths at the base of leaflets (compound leaves).

    Venation

    • Reticulate venation: Network of veins (dicots).
      • Pinnately reticulate: One midrib with lateral branches.
      • Palmately reticulate: Multiple veins from a single point (divergent or convergent).
    • Parallel venation: Veins run parallel (monocots).

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    Plant Organization PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on the differences between xylem and phloem, as well as various root systems in plants. This quiz covers specialized root structures and their functions, enhancing your understanding of plant anatomy.

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