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Questions and Answers
Xylem is composed of four cell types, including ______.
Xylem is composed of four cell types, including ______.
phloem
The ______ is the outer covering of the plant.
The ______ is the outer covering of the plant.
epidermis
The protective layer that forms in older stems and roots is called ______.
The protective layer that forms in older stems and roots is called ______.
periderm
Meristems are responsible for ______, which leads to plant growth.
Meristems are responsible for ______, which leads to plant growth.
The ______ tissues include xylem and phloem, which are essential for transport within the plant.
The ______ tissues include xylem and phloem, which are essential for transport within the plant.
The outer layer of cells on leaves, which can include guard cells, is part of the ______.
The outer layer of cells on leaves, which can include guard cells, is part of the ______.
The ______ meristems are responsible for secondary growth in plants.
The ______ meristems are responsible for secondary growth in plants.
Secretory structures mostly occur in ______ and stems.
Secretory structures mostly occur in ______ and stems.
Cells located at the growing tip of Pinus are specialized for cell ______ and division.
Cells located at the growing tip of Pinus are specialized for cell ______ and division.
These 'stone cells' provide ______ in a coconut shell and therefore protect the seed.
These 'stone cells' provide ______ in a coconut shell and therefore protect the seed.
All cells contain at least some ______, which are important for various cellular functions.
All cells contain at least some ______, which are important for various cellular functions.
The protoplasm of a single cell is called its ______.
The protoplasm of a single cell is called its ______.
In vascular tissue, ______ is responsible for the transport of water and minerals from the roots.
In vascular tissue, ______ is responsible for the transport of water and minerals from the roots.
Plant ______ serves as a protective layer and often regulates gas exchange.
Plant ______ serves as a protective layer and often regulates gas exchange.
Through ______, plants reproduce by creating seeds from fertilized ovules.
Through ______, plants reproduce by creating seeds from fertilized ovules.
Plant tissues are divided into three types: ______, ground, and vascular tissues.
Plant tissues are divided into three types: ______, ground, and vascular tissues.
The individual cells of multicellular organisms are arranged into groups that function collectively as _____.
The individual cells of multicellular organisms are arranged into groups that function collectively as _____.
The flowering plants are classified as the division _____.
The flowering plants are classified as the division _____.
The main parts of seeds are common to both _____ and monocots.
The main parts of seeds are common to both _____ and monocots.
Sexual reproduction of flowering plants occurs when the male sperm in the pollen unites with the female _____.
Sexual reproduction of flowering plants occurs when the male sperm in the pollen unites with the female _____.
Meristematic tissues are groups of young cells that are capable of _____ and are typically small.
Meristematic tissues are groups of young cells that are capable of _____ and are typically small.
Vascular tissues include _____ and phloem, which are essential for transporting nutrients and water.
Vascular tissues include _____ and phloem, which are essential for transporting nutrients and water.
Most epiphytic orchids resist temporary drying because their shoots have a thick _____ composed of cutin and wax.
Most epiphytic orchids resist temporary drying because their shoots have a thick _____ composed of cutin and wax.
Parenchymal cells are one type of simple _____ tissue found in plants.
Parenchymal cells are one type of simple _____ tissue found in plants.
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Study Notes
Xylem
- Composed of four cell types: tracheids, vessel elements, parenchyma, and fibers
- Functions in the transport of water and dissolved minerals throughout the plant
Phloem
- Complex permanent tissue
- Composed of sieve tube elements, companion cells, parenchyma, and fibers
- Functions in the transport of sugars and other organic compounds throughout the plant
Epidermis
- Outer covering of the plant
- Composed of epidermal cells, guard cells, and trichomes
- Functions in protection, gas exchange, and water regulation
Periderm
- Protective layer that forms in older stems and roots
- Secondary tissue
- Composed of phellem, cork cambium, and phelloderm
Secretory Tissue
- Produces and secretes materials
- Found mostly in leaves and stems
- Examples include glandular hairs and laticifers
Meristems
- Responsible for plant growth
- Composed of actively dividing cells
Root and Shoot Meristems
- Responsible for primary growth
- Found at the tips of roots and shoots
Primary Meristems
- Responsible for the development of primary tissues
- Include protoderm, ground meristem, and procambium
Secondary Meristems
- Responsible for secondary growth
- Include vascular cambium and cork cambium
M Phase
- Duplication division
- Includes mitosis and cytokinesis
Topic 10 – Plant Tissue, Organs, and Primary Growth
- The body of an herb consists of roots, stems, and leaves
- Plants can exhibit variations in structure and growth patterns depending on their environment and adaptations
Topic 11 – Sexual Reproduction
- Flowering plants reproduce sexually through the union of sperm and egg
- Pollination and fertilization are essential steps in this process
The Seed
- A living entity that bridges generations of a plant
- Contains the embryo, endosperm, and seed coat
Plant Structure and Functions
- Flowering plants are classified as angiosperms
- Angiosperms exhibit a wide range of adaptations and structural diversity
Plant Tissues
- Groups of cells that function collectively
- Provide structural support, transport, and protection
Meristematic or Embryonic Tissues
- Composed of actively dividing cells
- Responsible for plant growth
Permanent Tissues
- Composed of mature cells that have lost the ability to divide
- Specialized for specific functions
Kinds of Simple Permanent Tissues
- Parenchyma: Involved in storage, photosynthesis, and secretion
- Collenchyma: Provides support and flexibility
- Sclerenchyma: Provides strength and rigidity
Cell Structure and Function
- Cells are the basic units of life
- Composed of cytoplasm, a nucleus, and various organelles
- Specialized for different tasks, contributing to the overall function of the organism
- Membranes play essential roles in cell metabolism and communication
- The cell cycle involves growth, division, and specialization
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