30 Questions
What is the most biologically active thyroid hormone?
T3
In which condition would you expect a decrease in total T3/T4 levels?
Steroid use
Which enzyme converts T4 to T3 in peripheral tissues?
5'-iodinase
What is the action of calcitonin released from the thyroid gland?
Decreases bone resorption
What is the role of thyroxine-binding globulins (TBGs) in thyroid hormone transport?
Binding and transporting T3/T4 in the blood
Which condition leads to an increase in total T3/T4 levels?
Estrogen therapy
What is the major stimulus for the release of insulin?
Falling blood glucose levels
Which cells in the pancreas release insulin?
Beta (𝛽) cells
Which condition results from the absence of insulin?
Type 1 DM
What are the effects of insulin on blood glucose levels?
Decrease blood glucose levels
What are the three cardinal signs associated with diabetes mellitus?
Polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia
What is gluconeogenesis?
Synthesis of glucose from lactic acid and noncarbohydrate molecules
What is the primary function of the hypothalamus in relation to the pituitary gland?
Regulating the hormonal output of the anterior pituitary
Where are oxytocin and ADH synthesized?
Hypothalamus
What triggers the release of oxytocin and ADH from the posterior pituitary?
Impulses from the hypothalamic neurons
Which part of the hypothalamus synthesizes oxytocin and ADH?
Paraventricular nuclei
What is the role of oxytocin in the body?
Stimulating milk ejection and uterine contractions
How does the hypothalamus influence the anterior pituitary gland?
Secretes hormones that regulate the anterior pituitary's hormone output
What is the major stimulus for the release of Aldosterone from the Zona Glomerulosa of the Adrenal Cortex?
Increased Na+ content in the body
Which of the following is a primary effect of Aldosterone action?
Increased K+ secretion
Which adrenal zone secretes mineralocorticoids like Aldosterone?
Zona Glomerulosa
What is the main role of Aldosterone in the body?
To increase Na+ reabsorption
What is the primary stimulus for Aldosterone release from the Zona Glomerulosa?
Increased serum sodium levels
Which hormone is secreted by the Zona Reticularis of the Adrenal Cortex?
Androgens
Which sex hormone is produced by the male gonads?
Testosterone
What stimulates the production of estrogen and progesterone in females?
FSH, LH
What is the primary action of melatonin secreted by the pineal gland?
Affects sleep-wake cycle
During which times of the day do peak and lowest levels of melatonin generally occur?
Peak: Night, Lowest: Noon
Which gland receives indirect input concerning daylight intensity and duration to regulate melatonin secretion?
Pineal gland
What hormone is responsible for the maturation of male reproductive organs and sex drive?
Testosterone
Test your knowledge on the relationship between the pituitary gland and the hypothalamus. Learn about hormone synthesis, storage, and release mechanisms, as well as the regulation of anterior pituitary hormones by the hypothalamus.
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