52 Questions
the anterior pituitary is derived from ___ pouch, which is formed from an invagination of the ____.
Rathke's, pharyngeal epithelium
the posterior pituitary is derived from the ____
diencephalon
The anterior lobe of the pituitary is also called the ____ and the posterior lobe of the pituitary is also called ____.
adenohypophysis, neurohypophysis
anterior pituitary blood supply:
(1) origin = superior hypophyseal artery (2) primary capillary plexus = median eminence (4) secondary capillary plexus = Pars Distalis (3) connection between capillary beds = hypophyseal portal vein
Match the following vascular structures with their roles:
Superior pituitary artery = Supplies blood to the anterior pituitary gland Cavernous sinus = Drains venous blood from the pituitary gland Internal carotid artery = Gives rise to the superior pituitary artery Anterior pituitary gland = Receives blood from the superior pituitary artery
Match the following staining techniques with their target structures:
Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) reaction = Stains glycoproteins in the cytoplasm of anterior pituitary cells Hematoxylin and eosin staining = Highlights different cell types and structures in the anterior pituitary gland Silver impregnation technique = Stains neurosecretory granules in the anterior pituitary cells Anterior pituitary gland = Can be highlighted using various histological staining techniques
Match the cell type with its corresponding hormone secretion:
Somatotrophs = Growth hormone Lactotrophs = Prolactin Thyrotrophs = Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) Melanotrophs = Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)
Match the function with the hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland:
Stimulates growth, protein synthesis, and metabolism = Growth hormone Stimulates the mammary glands to produce milk = Prolactin Stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones = Thyroid-stimulating hormone Controls skin pigmentation = Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)
____ cells appear dark pink or purple in the anterior pituitary. The dark color signifies the cytoplasm is full of its hormone
Chromophil
____ cells within the anterior pituitary are pink in color and include ____ and____.
Acidophils, mammotrophs/lactotrophs, somatotrophs
____ within the anterior pituitary are purple in color and include , ____ and.
Basophils, gonadotrophs, thyrotrophs, corticotrophs
In the anterior pituitary: acidophils will secrete ____ and ____ basophils will secrete ____, ____, ____, and ____
GH, prolactin LH, FSH, ACTH, TSH
What distinguishes acidophils from basophils in the anterior pituitary gland based on their hormone production?
Acidophils produce hormones that regulate growth, while basophils produce hormones involved in stress response.
What are the factors that contribute to the regulation of hormone synthesis?
The availability of hormone precursors, the activity of chromophils, and feedback mechanisms
What is the role of endocrine glands in hormone synthesis?
Maintaining hormonal balance in the body
What is unique about the biosynthesis pathways for different hormones?
They reflect the unique chemical properties of each hormone
Growth hormone and ____ belong to the same gene family
prolactin
Growth hormone is ____ by elevated BG, obesity, and somatostatin (amongst others)
inhibited
Gigantism is caused by ____ hypersecretion during ____
GH, childhood
Acromegaly is caused by ____ hypersecretion in the ____
GH, adult
Release of prolactin is stimulated by ____ and inhibited by ____
TRH, dopamine
____ decreases GnRH, leading to decreased reproductive function and suppressed sexual drive
Prolactin
In individuals with panhypopituitarism, a condition characterized by the underactivity of the entire pituitary gland, which hormone deficiency is most likely to contribute to growth impairment?
Growth hormone (GH)
Which hormone derived from POMC is involved in the regulation of metabolism?
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Which hormone derived from POMC is linked to inflammation and immune response?
Melanocortin-α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH)
Which type of chromophil is used to classify various hormones and peptides in the POMC family?
Pigments that stain purple
Which part of the pituitary gland produces the proteins of the POMC family?
Intermediate lobe
Which family does the Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) family belong to?
Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) superfamily
Which endocrine gland primarily produces the POMC family?
Pituitary gland
How are the hormones and peptides derived from POMC synthesized?
Post-translational processing
What stimulates ACTH synthesis and secretion?
Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
Where do the enzymatic reactions converting the precursor protein into its active forms occur?
Rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi apparatus
Which hormone deficiency is most likely to contribute to growth impairment in individuals with panhypopituitarism?
Growth hormone (GH)
Which term is used to describe the precursor molecules synthesized from DNA that ultimately give rise to biologically active hormones, and specifically, what is the precursor for the hormone pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC)?
Preprohormones; proopiomelanocortin (POMC)
Match the types of feedback using examples of CRH, ACTH, and cortisol
Long loop feedback = CRH --> ACTH --> cortisol --> cortisol inh CRH Short loop feedback = CRH --> ACTH --> ACTH inh CRH Ultra short feedback = CRH inh further CRH general type of feedback = negative
The posterior pituitary is composed of glial-like cells called____ which do not secrete hormones
pituicytes
The hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary are produced by ____ and ____ in the hypothalamus
supraoptic nucleus, paraventricular nucleus
The carrier/binding protein is ____ for oxytocin and ____ for ADH
neurophysin I, neurophysin II
____ are the most common type of pituitary gland tumor
prolactinomas
____ may occur with hyperplasia of the pituitary gland due to compression of the optic chiasm
Loss of peripheral vision
Match the pituitary gland tumor with its effects
prolactinoma = Incr milk production (galactorrhea), decr reproductive function Somatotrophic adenoma = Incr bone/soft tissue growth, acromegaly (adults), gigantism (children) Corticotrophic adenoma = Maybe hyperpigmentation, other Cushing’s Disease symptoms Gonadotrophic adenoma = decr reproductive function
The pituitary gland is the “master gland”, measuring ~1 cm in diameter and is located in the ____
sella turcica
the hypothalamus and pituitary gland are connected by the ____.
infundibulum
Which arteries supply the posterior pituitary?
Middle hypophyseal and inferior hypophyseal
Growth hormone and prolactin both bind to ____ receptors, triggering the ____ signaling pathway
cytokine, JAK/STAT
Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) activate ____
MAP kinase cascade
____ are produced in the liver and also at local site of action such as bones.
Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs)
Somatomedin C (IGF-I) is the most important IGF
True
Which condition in the adult leads to decreased secretion of all anterior pituitary hormones?
Panhypopituitarism
In the bone, which of the following stimulates chondrocytes and osteoclasts to increase bone elongation?
IGF
In, vascular smooth muscle, ADH leads to contraction via ____ receptor → IP3, DAG → ↑[Ca2+]i
V2
The carrier/binding protein is ____ for oxytocin and ____ for ADH
neurophysin I, neurophysin II
A Gonzalez Block 3 Week 4
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