Pituitary Gland Hormones
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Questions and Answers

Where is oxytocin stored in the posterior pituitary?

  • Anterior lobe of the pituitary
  • Median eminence
  • Nerve endings of hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract (correct)
  • Supraoptic nucleus

    • What effect does oxytocin have on females?

  • Prevents uterine contraction
  • Ejection of milk from mammary glands (correct)
  • Stimulates milk production
  • Inhibits lactation

    • Where is the thyroid gland located?

  • Above the kidneys
  • At the base of the brain
  • On either side of the trachea at the root of the neck (correct)
  • Next to the heart

    • What changes occur in the thyroid gland during pregnancy?

    <p>Its function increases slightly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What connects the two lobes of the thyroid gland?

    <p>Isthmus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is NOT secreted by the thyroid gland?

    <p>Oxytocin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gland is located in the brain?

    <p>Pineal gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is secreted by the anterior pituitary gland?

    <p>Growth hormone (GH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of endocrine glands?

    <p>To release hormones directly into the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following glands is located above the kidneys?

    <p>Adrenal gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following hormones is a mineralocorticoid?

    <p>Aldosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following glands is located in the neck?

    <p>Thyroid gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of messenger is synthesized by endocrine glands?

    <p>Endocrine messengers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Leukotrienes are examples of which type of chemical messenger?

    <p>Autocrine messengers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following messengers diffuse through the interstitial fluid to target neighbouring cells?

    <p>Paracrine messengers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of chemical messenger includes neurotransmitters and neurohormones?

    <p>Neurocrine messengers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a paracrine messenger?

    <p>Histamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are juxtacrine messengers also known as?

    <p>Local hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is another name for endocrine glands?

    <p>Ductless glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do endocrine glands release their hormones?

    <p>Directly into blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gland is NOT shown in the provided image?

    <p>Salivary gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of endocrine glands?

    <p>Synthesizing and releasing hormones into blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gland is located in the brain according to the image?

    <p>Pineal gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is responsible for the general growth of the body?

    <p>Growth hormone (GH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of hypersecretion of growth hormone (GH)?

    <p>Gigantism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is required for the growth and secretory activity of the thyroid gland?

    <p>Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone accelerates the process of spermeogenesis in males along with testosterone?

    <p>Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone is responsible for ovulation in females?

    <p>Luteinizing hormone (LH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is necessary for the final preparation of mammary glands for milk production and secretion?

    <p>Prolactin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is responsible for the structural integrity and secretory activity of the adrenal cortex?

    <p>Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a posterior pituitary hormone?

    <p>Antidiuretic hormone (ADI)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism is utilized by thyroid and steroid hormones to execute their functions?

    <p>Acting on genes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method by which neurotransmitters act in the synapse or neuromuscular junction?

    <p>By altering cell membrane permeability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is another name for the anterior pituitary gland?

    <p>Adenohypophysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the pituitary gland located?

    <p>In the sphenoid bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the connective structure between the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland is known as the pituitary stalk?

    <p>Hypophyseal stalk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormones activate intracellular enzymes?

    <p>Protein hormones and catecholamines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone stimulates the release of thyroid stimulating hormone?

    <p>Thyrotropic-releasing hormone (TRH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of growth hormone-inhibitory hormone (GHIH) or somatostatin?

    <p>Inhibits growth hormone release</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the hypothalamus control the anterior pituitary?

    <p>By secreting releasing and inhibitory hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is another name for the anterior pituitary?

    <p>Adenohypophysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is believed to inhibit prolactin secretion?

    <p>Prolactin-inhibitory hormone (PIH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin synthesized?

    <p>Hypothalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What action does antidiuretic hormone (ADH) primarily have on the kidneys?

    <p>Facilitates water reabsorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are hormones transported from the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary?

    <p>Nerve fibers of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormones are stored at the nerve endings in the posterior pituitary?

    <p>ADH and oxytocin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does a large amount of ADH have on blood vessels?

    <p>Vasoconstriction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure does NOT secrete any hormones?

    <p>Posterior pituitary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of messenger diffuses through interstitial fluid to a nearby target cell?

    <p>Paracrine messenger</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a neurotransmitter?

    <p>Acetylcholine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of messenger acts on the same cell that released it?

    <p>Autocrine messenger</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is another name for endocrine glands?

    <p>Ductless glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a chemical messenger listed in the introduction?

    <p>Enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which chemical messenger category includes dopamine and acetylcholine?

    <p>Neurotransmitter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of messenger is released by endocrine glands and transported through the blood?

    <p>Endocrine messenger</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which scenario does a messenger diffuse through a gap junction?

    <p>Juxtacrine messenger</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two major systems that regulate the physiological activities of the body?

    <p>Nervous system and endocrine system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the endocrine system function in regulating body functions?

    <p>By secreting chemical substances called hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'cell-to-cell signaling' refer to?

    <p>Transfer of information from one cell to another</p> Signup and view all the answers

    From where are most chemical messengers involved in cell signaling secreted?

    <p>Endocrine glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do chemical messengers carry from signaling cells to target cells?

    <p>Message (signal)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are classical hormones classified as?

    <p>Secretions from endocrine glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Pituitary Gland

    • The pituitary gland is a small endocrine gland with a diameter of 1cm and weight of 0.5 to 1g.
    • It is situated in the sphenoid bone at the base of the skull in a depression called 'sella turcica'.
    • It is connected to the hypothalamus by the pituitary stalk or hypophyseal stalk.

    Anterior Pituitary or Adenohypophysis

    • The anterior pituitary secretes six hormones:
      • Growth hormone (GH) or somatotropic hormone (STH)
      • Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) or thyrotropic hormone
      • Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
      • Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
      • Luteinizing hormone (LH) in females or interstitial cell-stimulating hormone (ICSH) in males
      • Prolactin
    • Growth hormone (GH) is responsible for the general growth of the body.
    • Hypersecretion of GH causes enormous growth of the body, leading to gigantism.
    • Deficiency of GH in children causes stunted growth, leading to dwarfism.

    Actions of Hormones

    • Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is necessary for the growth and secretory activity of the thyroid gland.
    • Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is necessary for the structural integrity and the secretory activity of the adrenal cortex.
    • Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) acts along with testosterone and accelerates the process of spermeogenesis in males.
    • In females, FSH causes the development of graafian follicle from primordial follicle and causes secretion of estrogen.
    • Luteinizing hormone (LH) is essential for the secretion of testosterone from Leydig cells in males and is responsible for ovulation in females.
    • Prolactin is necessary for the final preparation of mammary glands for the production and secretion of milk.

    Posterior Pituitary or Neurohypophysis

    • Posterior pituitary hormones are:
      • Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) or vasopressin
      • Oxytocin
    • The posterior pituitary does not secrete any hormone.
    • ADH and oxytocin are synthesized in the hypothalamus.
    • These hormones are transported to the posterior pituitary through the nerve fibers of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract.
    • In the posterior pituitary, these hormones are stored at the nerve endings.
    • When impulses from the hypothalamus reach the posterior pituitary, these hormones are released from the nerve endings into the circulation.

    Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

    • Antidiuretic hormone has two actions:
      • Retention of water
      • Vasopressor action
    • The major function of ADH is retention of water by acting on the kidneys.
    • It increases the facilitative reabsorption of water from the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct in the kidneys.
    • In large amounts, ADH shows vasoconstrictor action.
    • This causes constriction of the arteries in all parts of the body.

    Endocrine Glands

    • Endocrine glands are the glands which synthesize and release the classical hormones into the blood.
    • Endocrine glands are also called ductless glands because the hormones secreted by them are released directly into blood without any duct.
    • Endocrine glands are distinct from exocrine glands which release their secretions through ducts.
    • Endocrine glands play an important role in homeostasis and control of various other activities in the body through their hormones.

    Major Endocrine Glands

    • Pineal gland
    • Pituitary gland
    • Thyroid gland
    • Parathyroid glands
    • Thymus
    • Adrenal gland
    • Pancreas
    • Ovary (in females)
    • Testis (in males)

    Hormones Secreted by Major Endocrine Glands

    • Anterior Pituitary
      • Growth hormone (GH)
      • Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
      • Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
    • Mineralocorticoids
      • Aldosterone
      • 11-deoxycorticosterone

    Classification of Chemical Messengers

    • Endocrine messengers
    • Paracrine messengers
    • Autocrine messengers
    • Neurocrine messengers

    Endocrine Messengers

    • These are the classical hormones.
    • Examples are growth hormone and insulin.

    Paracrine Messengers

    • These are the chemical messengers which diffuse from the control cells to the target cells through the interstitial fluid.
    • Examples are prostaglandins and histamine.

    Autocrine Messengers

    • These are the chemical messengers that control the source cells which secrete them.
    • Examples are leukotrienes.

    Neurocrine or Neural Messengers

    • These are neurotransmitters and neurohormones.
    • Examples are acetylcholine and dopamine.

    Thyroid Gland

    • The thyroid gland is an endocrine gland situated at the root of the neck on either side of the trachea.
    • It has two lobes, which are connected in the middle by an isthmus.
    • The thyroid gland secretes three hormones:
      • Tetraiodothyronine or T4 (thyroxine)
      • Triiodothyronine or T3

    Neurocrine or Neural Messengers

    • Neurocrine or neural messengers: These are neurotransmitters and neurohormones.
    • Neurotransmitter: An endogenous signaling molecule that carries information from one nerve cell to another nerve cell or muscle or another tissue.
    • Neurohormone: A chemical substance that is released by the nerve cell directly into the blood and transported to the distant target cells.

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    Description

    Learn about the six hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary gland, including growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, and more. Understand their functions and roles in the body.

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