Endocrinology

Which of the following best describes endocrine glands?

Which of the following is NOT a primary function regulated by endocrine glands?

Which gland secretes melatonin?

Which hormone is NOT secreted by the pituitary gland?

What is the term for excessive hormone production by an endocrine gland?

Which of the following is NOT a potential cause of endocrine gland dysfunction?

Acromegaly is typically caused by an excess of which hormone?

Hypopituitarism can result in which of the following conditions?

Diabetes insipidus is most directly related to a deficiency in which hormone?

Which condition is associated with exophthalmos (protrusion of the eyeballs)?

What is the most common cause of hypothyroidism?

Which of the following is a symptom of hypothyroidism?

In children, which oral manifestation is typically associated with hypothyroidism?

Which of the following is a potential symptom of hyperparathyroidism?

What oral manifestation is associated with hyperparathyroidism?

Which manifestation is NOT typically associated with hypoparathyroidism?

Which of the following is a typical characteristic of endocrine glands?

Which of the following hormones is produced by the placenta during pregnancy?

If a patient presents with polyuria and polydipsia due to a deficiency in ADH, and their condition is not responsive to ADH administration, which type of diabetes insipidus is most likely present?

A patient experiencing muscle weakness, fatigue, constipation, and bone pain is suspected of having an endocrine disorder. Blood tests reveal elevated levels of calcium and parathyroid hormone (PTH). Which of the following is the MOST likely diagnosis?

A 10-year-old child presents with accelerated tooth eruption, increased appetite but weight loss, and behavioral changes. Which endocrine disorder is MOST likely?

A patient presents with a constellation of symptoms including fatigue, weight gain, constipation, dry skin, and brittle nails. Further questioning reveals a history of autoimmune disease. Based on this presentation, which of the following is the most likely underlying endocrine disorder?

A patient is diagnosed with nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. Which of the following mechanisms is the most likely cause of their polyuria and polydipsia?

An extremely rare presentation: A patient has both low parathyroid hormone AND low calcitonin. Assuming both values are appropriately low for the given calcium level, which single gland is most likely dysfunctional?

A patient presents with advanced acromegaly primarily affecting the mandible. After surgical removal of the causative pituitary adenoma, the surgeon contacts a prosthodontist. Why?

Which of the following characteristics distinguishes endocrine glands from exocrine glands?

Which of the following is the primary focus when studying endocrine glands?

Which gland is located in the brain and is responsible for the regulation of other endocrine glands?

Which of the following best describes the function of hormones released by endocrine glands?

Which of the following hormones is NOT produced by the hypothalamus?

Which of the following is an example of a genetic cause of endocrine dysfunction?

What is the term for a condition characterized by abnormally low hormone production?

Which of the following is a potential cause of hypopituitarism?

A patient presents with polyuria and polydipsia. The physician suspects diabetes insipidus. What laboratory test would be MOST useful in differentiating between cranial and nephrogenic causes?

Which of the following is a common symptom of hyperthyroidism?

During a dental examination of a child, the dentist notices delayed tooth eruption and micrognathia. Considering the information provided, which endocrine disorder might be suspected?

Elevated parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels typically lead to increased:

Which of the following is a typical symptom of hypoparathyroidism?

Which condition is related to hyperthyroidism and presents with protruding eyeballs?

Hashimoto’s disease primarily leads to which endocrine disorder?

In a patient with diabetes insipidus, what clinical finding is MOST directly linked to the underlying hormonal imbalance?

A 35-year-old female presents with irregular menstrual cycles, hirsutism, and acne. Which endocrine disorder is MOST likely?

Which of the following best describes the mechanism of action of hormones secreted by endocrine glands?

Which of the following hormones is primarily responsible for the development of male secondary sexual characteristics?

A patient who has undergone a complete thyroidectomy is MOST at risk of developing which of the following complications if replacement hormone therapy is inadequate?

What primary issue results from a diet deficient in iodine?

A teenage patient is diagnosed with precocious puberty. From the list, what is the MOST likely additional sign or symptom the patient might exhibit?

A patient presents with muscle cramps, fatigue, and paresthesia. Blood tests reveal hypocalcemia. Further investigation reveals deficiency of only a single hormone, but the gland appears histologically normal. Which of the following is the BEST explanation for the hormonal deficiency?

A researcher is studying the impact of a novel drug on endocrine function. They administer the drug to lab animals and observe a significant decrease in the size of the thymus gland. Which of the following hormone levels would MOST likely be affected by this change?

Insanely Difficult: A researcher discovers a novel hormone that appears to selectively inhibit the function of osteoclasts without affecting osteoblasts. If this hormone were administered chronically, what would be the MOST LIKELY long-term consequence, assuming ALL other homeostatic mechanisms remain normal?

What is a key characteristic of endocrine glands that differentiates them from exocrine glands?

Which of the following is a primary secretion of the pineal gland?

Which gland is responsible for producing releasing and inhibiting hormones that control the anterior pituitary gland?

Which of the following is a potential cause of endocrine dysfunction related to tissue destruction?

Which of the following hormones is NOT secreted by the anterior pituitary gland?

What is a common characteristic associated with hyperthyroidism?

Which of the following is a recognized potential outcome of hypopituitarism?

Which hormone directly affects water reabsorption in the kidneys?

What is a common cause of hypothyroidism in developed countries?

Which of the following symptoms is MOST indicative of hypoparathyroidism?

Which endocrine condition is characterized by an excess of cortisol?

Which of the following is a potential oral manifestation of hyperparathyroidism?

A patient exhibits symptoms of fatigue, weight gain, cold intolerance, and constipation. Which endocrine disorder is MOST likely?

What is the primary physiological effect of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

A patient with acromegaly is likely to exhibit which of the following oral and maxillofacial features?

Which dietary factor is most commonly associated with goiter development?

Which of the following is the primary function coordinated by hormones?

What is the consequence of untreated acromegaly on the skeletal system?

Which of the following conditions is associated with decreased T-lymphocyte differentiation?

Following surgical removal of a pituitary adenoma causing acromegaly, what is a potential long-term effect on the dentition that a prosthodontist would address?

Which of the following best explains how tumors can cause endocrine disorders?

Insanely Difficult: A previously healthy patient develops a pituitary adenoma secreting excessive Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone (MSH). Which of the following signs would you expect to see?

Insanely Difficult: A researcher is studying a newly discovered hormone that appears to specifically target and inhibit the production of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) by the pituitary, without affecting other pituitary hormones. Prolonged exposure to this hormone would MOST likely result in:

Which of the following scenarios would MOST likely result in iatrogenic endocrine dysfunction?

What class of hormones is synthesized in the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex?

Which of the following hormones primarily regulates glucose metabolism?

Which adrenal hormone contributes most significantly to masculinization?

Which of the following hormones is produced by the adrenal medulla?

What is the primary effect of mineralocorticoids released by the adrenal glands?

Which of the following conditions is characterized by excessive cortisol production?

Hyperpigmentation, low blood pressure, and weight loss are characteristic signs of which adrenal gland disorder?

Which oral manifestation is associated with hypercortisolism?

What is the primary focus of dental management for patients with Addison's disease?

A patient with Cushing's syndrome is at an increased risk for which oral infection?

Which of the following is a typical dental consideration for patients with adrenal insufficiency undergoing a major dental procedure?

A patient taking oral prednisone for several weeks is likely to experience what change in adrenal function?

Which of the following signs and symptom combinations is MOST indicative of Addisonian crisis?

What is the recommended dental management adjustment for a patient with Addison's disease undergoing a routine scaling and polishing?

Which of the following pre-operative needs is unique to major dental surgery on an Addison's patient?

Why might a dentist adjust the position of a patient with endocrine dysfunction?

What systemic change would result in stimulation of the HPA axis?

A patient presents with a 'moon face,' fat deposits on the face and back of the shoulders, and purple striae. Which condition is MOST likely?

A patient undergoing long-term glucocorticoid therapy is scheduled for a tooth extraction. What is the primary concern regarding their adrenal function?

Chronically suppressed ACTH will result in:

Insanely Difficult: A patient with a known pituitary tumor undergoes surgical removal of the mass. Post-operatively, the patient develops severe hyponatremia, hypotension, and altered mental status. Urinalysis reveals elevated urine sodium levels despite the hyponatremia. What is the MOST likely hormonal deficiency causing this presentation?

Insanely Difficult: A patient presents with clinical signs including hypertension, hypokalemia, and metabolic alkalosis, but has normal aldosterone and renin levels. Further investigation reveals the patient is surreptitiously ingesting a substance that mimics the effects of mineralocorticoids. Discontinuing use of THIS substance would MOST likely result in rebound:

What long-term sequalae or treatment can result in dry mouth? (Select all that apply)

Under normal conditions, what direct effect would increased cortisol have on the anterior pituitary?

What is the mechanism by which chronic glucocorticoid therapy can lead to osteoporosis?

Which zone of the adrenal cortex is primarily responsible for the production of mineralocorticoids like aldosterone?

What is the primary hormone produced by the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex?

Which category of hormones is synthesized in the zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex?

What is the primary function of the hormones produced by the adrenal medulla?

Which of the following signs or symptoms is NOT typically associated with Cushing's syndrome?

Hyperaldosteronism (Conn's syndrome) is characterized by an excess of which hormone?

What is the underlying cause of adrenogenital or virilizing syndromes?

A phaeochromocytoma is a tumor that causes an overproduction of which hormones?

What oral manifestation is MOST associated with hypercortisolism?

Increased rates of what oral condition are associated with hypercortisolism?

What is a significant dental consideration for patients with adrenal insufficiency (Addison's disease)?

What is the MOST likely oral sequalae of long-term steroid treatment?

What is the primary treatment strategy for Addison's disease?

What physiological event directly activates the Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis?

Which laboratory finding is MOST consistent with Addison's disease?

A patient with Cushing's syndrome would MOST likely exhibit which facial characteristic?

What is a key pre-operative consideration for a major dental surgery on a patient with Addison's disease?

What is the primary concern when managing a pregnant dental patient?

Which of the following is the MOST appropriate dental management for a patient with Addison's disease undergoing a routine scaling and polishing?

A patient on long-term oral prednisone is scheduled for a tooth extraction. What is the GREATEST risk related to their adrenal function?

Insanely Difficult: A previously healthy individual undergoes treatment with high-dose glucocorticoids for several weeks due to a severe allergic reaction. After discontinuing the medication, the patient experiences profound fatigue, muscle weakness, and dizziness. Their blood pressure is notably low. Which of the following best explains the patient's symptoms?

What would be the expected outcome of a surgery to remove the adrenal gland?

What is the primary role of the adrenal cortex?

Why is it important for a dentist to consider the length and time of day for appointments when treating patients with endocrine disorders?

Insanely Difficult: A patient with a history of Addison's disease requires a full-mouth extraction under general anesthesia. Preoperatively, they receive stress-dose hydrocortisone. Postoperatively, the patient develops severe hypertension, tachycardia, and agitation despite adequate pain control. What is the MOST likely underlying cause of this patient’s acute decompensation?

Endocrine glands are characterized by which of the following?

Which of the following is a key focus when studying endocrine glands?

Which of the following does NOT directly coordinate and control the function of the endocrine glands?

What is the primary role of hormones as secreted by endocrine glands?

Which of the following pairs is correctly matched?

What term describes abnormally high hormone production?

Which of the following conditions is NOT identified as causing endocrine dysfunction?

Accelerated tooth eruption may indicate issues with the hormone produced by which of the following glands?

A patient presents with depression, fatigue, constipation, and bone fractures. These symptoms could be due to a problem with which of the following?

What is often the result of insufficient iodine in the diet?

A patient with diabetes insipidus is likely to present with which of the following?

What is a common oral manifestation of hypothyroidism in children?

Which of the following symptoms is MOST indicative of of hyperthyroidism?

Which hormone is produced by the parathyroid glands?

Which oral manifestation is typically associated with hyperparathyroidism?

A patient presents with muscle cramps and tingling sensations in their fingertips. Which condition might be suspected?

Which of the following conditions is associated with exophthalmos (protrusion of the eyeballs)?

What is the most common cause of hypothyroidism in developed countries?

What is the primary concern regarding adrenal function for a patient undergoing long-term glucocorticoid therapy and scheduled for a tooth extraction?

What are the dental management considerations for a pregnant dental patient?

Given a patient with advanced bone loss, what treatment would a dentist be LEAST likely to recommend?

Which gland is responsible for T-lymphocyte differentiation?

What is the MOST appropriate dental management for a patient with Addison's disease undergoing a routine scaling and polishing?

According to the graphic, from what area are mineralocorticoids released?

According to the graphic, what is the main hormone regulating sugar metabolism?

According to the graphic, what class of adrenal hormones has the primary role of stimulating masculinization?

According to the graphic, what is the primary role of the adrenal medulla?

Hyperpigmentation is MOST likely to be associated with which of the following?

The graphic demonstrates that increased rates of what oral condition are associated with hypercortisolism?

When planning a dental surgery on a patient using bisphosphonates, which is MOST important to consider?

A patient on long-term oral prednisone is scheduled for a tooth extraction. If the patient is suffering from adrenal suppression, what should the dentist be aware of?

Which of the following would MOST likely be associated with the sequaele of menopause?

Insanely Difficult: A patient has a tumor resulting in high levels of Mineralcorticoids, normal aldosterone, and low renin levels. Where is the MOST likely origin of the tumor?

Insanely Difficult: A patient has known Addison's. It is discovered that they additionally have tuberculosis, a common granulomatous infection that often affects the lungs. At what other site would the symptoms of TB most exacerbate the Addison's?

Which of the following best describes the mechanism of action of ductless endocrine glands?

A patient exhibits symptoms of fatigue, muscle weakness, salt craving, and hyperpigmentation of the skin. Which endocrine disorder is MOST likely indicated by these signs?

A patient is diagnosed with diabetes insipidus. What symptom is MOST directly associated with diabetes insipidus?

During a routine dental visit, you observe noticeable macroglossia, prognathism and frontal spacing in a 45-year-old patient. Which of the following conditions is MOST likely associated with these oral manifestations?

Insanely Difficult: A researcher is investigating a novel compound that selectively inhibits the enzyme 11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (11β-HSD2) in vivo. This enzyme normally converts cortisol to cortisone (an inactive metabolite). What is the MOST likely consequence of administering this compound chronically?

What physiological process is directly regulated by hormones released from endocrine glands?

If a patient is diagnosed with diabetes insipidus of nephrogenic origin, what is a possible symptom?

Which of the following diagnostic methods is LEAST likely to be used as an initial step in the evaluation of an endocrine disorder?

In a patient with known hyperparathyroidism, dental radiographs are MOST likely to reveal:

Hashimoto's disease often results in which of the following conditions?

The pituitary gland directly affects:

What is a key characteristic of endocrine glands compared to exocrine glands?

Which of the following is LEAST likely to directly cause endocrine dysfunction?

What class of medication is used to treat the sequalae of osteoporosis?

Which hormone is targeted in management of acromegaly?

For a dental patient with Addison's disease undergoing a major dental procedure, what pre-operative need is MOST critical to consider?

Which hormone is often relevant to pregnancy?

A patient with suspected Cushing's syndrome would MOST likely exhibit which sign?

What is the primary goal of management or treatment for endocrine glands?

What is a possible oral complication of the sequalae related to disease/treatment?

Which of the following hormones is produced by the parathyroid glands?

In managing thyroid disorders in children, what oral manifestation is associated with hyperthyroidism?

Which of the following symptoms is caused by hyperthyroidism?

Which of the following choices is NOT a symptom of hypothyroidism?

What is of primary consideration when planning dental appointments for patients with endocrine disorders?

A patient presents with fatigue, muscle weakness, and salt cravings. Which adrenal gland disorder might be suspected?

Why is an extra dose of steroid medication required for minor dental procedures performed on a patient whom is steroid-dependent?

What is the primary function of mineralocorticoids released by the adrenal glands?

Which of the following choices is NOT a dental consideration for Endocrine Glands Management/Treatment?

Which of the following is a dental consideration for extraction procedures?

A dentist diagnoses a pregnant woman with pyogenic granuloma. What is most likely indicated by this diagnosis?

What is of key consideration when prescribing for a pregnant patient?

What post-operative needs are required after a major dental surgery for a patient suffering from Addison's disease?

In Addison's disease Management/Treatment, what hormonal class is administered therapeutically?

What directly stimulates the sympathetic ANS (Autonomic Nervous System)?

What is a common dental related sequalae of menopause?

Phaeochromocytoma (tumor) causes the overproduction of epinephrine and norepinephrine. Where is this most likely found?

What is a common oral manifestation of hypercortisolism?

A patient undergoing long-term glucocorticoid therapy is scheduled for a tooth extraction without alterations to their existing steroid replacement regimen. Following the procedure, the patient is MOST at risk for:

Insanely Difficult: A patient with known primary adrenal insufficiency (Addison's disease) presents to the emergency room with severe abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and profound weakness and altered mental status. The medical history is significant for tuberculous (TB). What is the MOST likely underlying cause?

Insanely Difficult: A researcher is studying the impact of endocrine disorders on bone remodeling. They discover that a mutation causing constitutive activation of the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) in osteoblasts, but not in the kidneys, independently causes increased bone density. This increased bone density is primarily due to:

Which of the following is a characteristic unique to endocrine glands?

To assess the function of a target organ, which diagnostic tools are most helpful?

Which sequence of events accurately describes the stress response system?

A patient exhibits fatigue, weight gain, constipation, and dry skin. The dentist suspects hypothyroidism. If this is because of Hashimoto's, what blood component would MOST likely be elevated?

Insanely Difficult: A researcher is investigating the effects of chronic stress on adrenal function in rats. They subject the rats to prolonged periods of unpredictable stressors. After several weeks, they observe significant atrophy (shrinkage) of the adrenal cortex, specifically affecting the zona fasciculata. They also take blood samples. Which of the following hormonal profiles would they most likely observe?