Anterior Pituitary Gland Function and Hormones
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Questions and Answers

What is the composition of a typical thyroid follicle?

  • Layers of endothelial cells
  • Spheres of follicular cells surrounding colloid (correct)
  • Bundles of muscle fibers
  • Clusters of chromaffin cells

    • In what manner are thyroid follicles typically arranged?

  • In random arrays
  • In linear rows
  • In concentric circles
  • In spherical clusters (correct)

    • Thyroid follicles store which of the following substances?

  • Colloid (correct)
  • Glycogen
  • Melanin
  • Hemoglobin

    • Which cells line the thyroid follicles?

    <p>Follicular cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the central component of a thyroid follicle?

    <p>Colloid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the shape and structure of thyroid follicles?

    <p>Spherical structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Colloid within the thyroid follicle primarily consists of what?

    <p>Thyroglobulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinct arrangement is characteristic of thyroid follicle cells?

    <p>Cuboidal arrangement surrounding colloid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the options best describes the role of follicular cells in the thyroid?

    <p>Synthesize and store thyroid hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structural characteristic distinguishes thyroid follicles from other glandular structures?

    <p>A central lumen filled with colloid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily triggers the secretion of epinephrine from the adrenal medulla?

    <p>Sympathetic nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone peaks during early morning, preparing the body for daily stress?

    <p>Cortisol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of melatonin in short day breeders?

    <p>Triggers the release of GnRH, FSH, and LH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is the connection between the hypothalamus and the posterior pituitary gland?

    <p>Infundibulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the suprachiasmatic nucleus?

    <p>Detects changes in light intensity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does melatonin concentration affect long day breeders?

    <p>High melatonin inhibits breeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between low concentrations of melatonin and mental health?

    <p>Linked to psychosis and depression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the anterior pituitary is directly connected to the hypothalamus?

    <p>Pars tuberalis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter is a precursor to melatonin?

    <p>Tryptophan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gland is involved in delaying aging and reducing cancer risk due to its antioxidant properties?

    <p>Pineal gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a function of vasopressin?

    <p>Regulating glucose levels in blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when there is an excessive secretion of ADH?

    <p>Dilutional hyponatremia caused by water retention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is primarily due to hyposecretion of ADH?

    <p>Diabetes Insipidus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does oxytocin play in labor?

    <p>Induces contractions through Ferguson's reflex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of oxytocin in social binding?

    <p>Enhances maternal behavior and bonding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What clinical manifestation is associated with SIADH?

    <p>Hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is known as the 'hormone of love' and is essential in labor and lactation?

    <p>Oxytocin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of high solute concentration in the blood related to vasopressin’s function?

    <p>Thickening of blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In SIADH, what is the implication of dilutional hyponatremia?

    <p>Decrease in sodium concentration due to excess water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does oxytocin influence anxiety and stress?

    <p>By decreasing susceptibility to fearful and anxious feelings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What precursor protein is cleaved to form a-MSH and b-MSH?

    <p>Proopiomelanocortin (POMC)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cell in the anterior pituitary gland is responsible for the production of progesterone?

    <p>Gonadotropes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is directly involved in controlling cortisol secretion and the growth of the adrenal cortex?

    <p>Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone stimulates the mammary glands to produce milk?

    <p>Prolactin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a function of a-MSH?

    <p>Changes the dispersion of melanin granules in melanocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells in the anterior pituitary gland make their own hormone?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the anterior pituitary gland?

    <p>Control of production and secretion of other hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is important for the growth of the body and is produced by somatotropes?

    <p>Growth hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following regulates anterior pituitary hormones?

    <p>Hypothalamic hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process is stimulated by follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) in males?

    <p>Sperm production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Anterior Pituitary Gland

    • Poorly vascularized and secretes MSH
    • Also known as the master gland, controlling the production and secretion of other hormones
    • Cells in the anterior pituitary gland make their own hormone, with different types of cells producing different hormones
    • Gonadotropes produce hormones responsible for ovulation, such as FSH and LH
    • Somatotropes produce growth hormone, functioning for the growth of the body
    • Lactotropes produce prolactin, stimulating mammary glands to produce milk
    • Corticotropes produce adrenocorticotropic hormone, important for cortisol secretion and growth of adrenal cortex
    • Thyrotropes produce TSH, regulating thyroid hormone secretion and growth of the thyroid gland

    Neuroendocrine Reflexes

    • Combination of neural and endocrine pathways
    • Example: secretion of epinephrine by the adrenal medulla during stressful situations, triggered by the sympathetic nervous system

    Biological Rhythms

    • Cortisol levels increase at night and peak in the early morning, decreasing during the day
    • Cortisol is used as a stress hormone, preparing the body for stresses during the day
    • Regulated by light intensity, with detection by the suprachiasmatic nucleus

    Pineal Gland

    • Regulates melatonin production, triggered by changes in light intensity
    • Melatonin helps with sleep, with increased production in the dark
    • Melatonin is produced from the precursor tryptophan

    Vertebrate Endocrine System

    • Mediobasal hypothalamus: important for short day breeders, with melatonin triggering the release of GnRH, FSH, and LH
    • Pineal gland serves as an inhibitor gland for the hypothalamus in long day breeders

    Pituitary Gland

    • Posterior pituitary gland: neurohypophysis, with a neural connection to the hypothalamus
    • Anterior pituitary gland: adenohypophysis, with a vascular link to the hypothalamus
    • Intermediate lobe: found in some animals, with vasopressin (arginine vasotocin) function

    Vasopressin

    • Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH), functioning in water retention in the kidneys
    • Increases water reabsorption in the kidneys, leading to increased blood pressure
    • Also functions in anterior constriction, increasing blood pressure

    SIADH

    • Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion, causing water retention and hyponatremia
    • Clinical manifestations include edema, weight gain, hypertension, and dilutional hyponatremia

    Oxytocin

    • Hormone of love, important in labor and lactation
    • Stimulates uterine contractions during labor and milk letdown during lactation
    • Also involved in social bindings, partner preference, maternal behavior, and social cognitions
    • Low levels of oxytocin are linked to autism, anxiety, and difficulty with social interactions

    Thyroid Gland

    • Functions in metabolism and developmental processes, such as the transformation of tadpoles to adult frogs
    • Thyroid hormone is essential for growth and development

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    Description

    Learn about the anterior pituitary gland, also known as the master gland, and its role in producing and controlling various hormones in the body.

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