40 Questions
What is the composition of a typical thyroid follicle?
Spheres of follicular cells surrounding colloid
In what manner are thyroid follicles typically arranged?
In spherical clusters
Thyroid follicles store which of the following substances?
Colloid
Which cells line the thyroid follicles?
Follicular cells
What is the central component of a thyroid follicle?
Colloid
Which of the following best describes the shape and structure of thyroid follicles?
Spherical structures
Colloid within the thyroid follicle primarily consists of what?
Thyroglobulin
What distinct arrangement is characteristic of thyroid follicle cells?
Cuboidal arrangement surrounding colloid
Which of the options best describes the role of follicular cells in the thyroid?
Synthesize and store thyroid hormones
What structural characteristic distinguishes thyroid follicles from other glandular structures?
A central lumen filled with colloid
What primarily triggers the secretion of epinephrine from the adrenal medulla?
Sympathetic nervous system
Which hormone peaks during early morning, preparing the body for daily stress?
Cortisol
What is the role of melatonin in short day breeders?
Triggers the release of GnRH, FSH, and LH
Which of these is the connection between the hypothalamus and the posterior pituitary gland?
Infundibulum
What is the main function of the suprachiasmatic nucleus?
Detects changes in light intensity
How does melatonin concentration affect long day breeders?
High melatonin inhibits breeding
What is the relationship between low concentrations of melatonin and mental health?
Linked to psychosis and depression
Which part of the anterior pituitary is directly connected to the hypothalamus?
Pars tuberalis
Which neurotransmitter is a precursor to melatonin?
Tryptophan
Which gland is involved in delaying aging and reducing cancer risk due to its antioxidant properties?
Pineal gland
Which of the following is not a function of vasopressin?
Regulating glucose levels in blood
What happens when there is an excessive secretion of ADH?
Dilutional hyponatremia caused by water retention
Which condition is primarily due to hyposecretion of ADH?
Diabetes Insipidus
What role does oxytocin play in labor?
Induces contractions through Ferguson's reflex
What is the role of oxytocin in social binding?
Enhances maternal behavior and bonding
What clinical manifestation is associated with SIADH?
Hypertension
Which hormone is known as the 'hormone of love' and is essential in labor and lactation?
Oxytocin
What is the consequence of high solute concentration in the blood related to vasopressin’s function?
Thickening of blood
In SIADH, what is the implication of dilutional hyponatremia?
Decrease in sodium concentration due to excess water
How does oxytocin influence anxiety and stress?
By decreasing susceptibility to fearful and anxious feelings
What precursor protein is cleaved to form a-MSH and b-MSH?
Proopiomelanocortin (POMC)
Which type of cell in the anterior pituitary gland is responsible for the production of progesterone?
Gonadotropes
Which hormone is directly involved in controlling cortisol secretion and the growth of the adrenal cortex?
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Which hormone stimulates the mammary glands to produce milk?
Prolactin
Which of the following is a function of a-MSH?
Changes the dispersion of melanin granules in melanocytes
Which cells in the anterior pituitary gland make their own hormone?
All of the above
What is the main function of the anterior pituitary gland?
Control of production and secretion of other hormones
Which hormone is important for the growth of the body and is produced by somatotropes?
Growth hormone
Which of the following regulates anterior pituitary hormones?
Hypothalamic hormones
What process is stimulated by follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) in males?
Sperm production
Study Notes
Anterior Pituitary Gland
- Poorly vascularized and secretes MSH
- Also known as the master gland, controlling the production and secretion of other hormones
- Cells in the anterior pituitary gland make their own hormone, with different types of cells producing different hormones
- Gonadotropes produce hormones responsible for ovulation, such as FSH and LH
- Somatotropes produce growth hormone, functioning for the growth of the body
- Lactotropes produce prolactin, stimulating mammary glands to produce milk
- Corticotropes produce adrenocorticotropic hormone, important for cortisol secretion and growth of adrenal cortex
- Thyrotropes produce TSH, regulating thyroid hormone secretion and growth of the thyroid gland
Neuroendocrine Reflexes
- Combination of neural and endocrine pathways
- Example: secretion of epinephrine by the adrenal medulla during stressful situations, triggered by the sympathetic nervous system
Biological Rhythms
- Cortisol levels increase at night and peak in the early morning, decreasing during the day
- Cortisol is used as a stress hormone, preparing the body for stresses during the day
- Regulated by light intensity, with detection by the suprachiasmatic nucleus
Pineal Gland
- Regulates melatonin production, triggered by changes in light intensity
- Melatonin helps with sleep, with increased production in the dark
- Melatonin is produced from the precursor tryptophan
Vertebrate Endocrine System
- Mediobasal hypothalamus: important for short day breeders, with melatonin triggering the release of GnRH, FSH, and LH
- Pineal gland serves as an inhibitor gland for the hypothalamus in long day breeders
Pituitary Gland
- Posterior pituitary gland: neurohypophysis, with a neural connection to the hypothalamus
- Anterior pituitary gland: adenohypophysis, with a vascular link to the hypothalamus
- Intermediate lobe: found in some animals, with vasopressin (arginine vasotocin) function
Vasopressin
- Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH), functioning in water retention in the kidneys
- Increases water reabsorption in the kidneys, leading to increased blood pressure
- Also functions in anterior constriction, increasing blood pressure
SIADH
- Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion, causing water retention and hyponatremia
- Clinical manifestations include edema, weight gain, hypertension, and dilutional hyponatremia
Oxytocin
- Hormone of love, important in labor and lactation
- Stimulates uterine contractions during labor and milk letdown during lactation
- Also involved in social bindings, partner preference, maternal behavior, and social cognitions
- Low levels of oxytocin are linked to autism, anxiety, and difficulty with social interactions
Thyroid Gland
- Functions in metabolism and developmental processes, such as the transformation of tadpoles to adult frogs
- Thyroid hormone is essential for growth and development
Learn about the anterior pituitary gland, also known as the master gland, and its role in producing and controlling various hormones in the body.
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