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Questions and Answers
The thyroid follicle is arranged in this ______.
The thyroid follicle is arranged in this ______.
manner
The ______ follicle is arranged in this manner.
The ______ follicle is arranged in this manner.
thyroid
The ______ of the thyroid follicle is arranged in this manner.
The ______ of the thyroid follicle is arranged in this manner.
structure
The structure of the ______ is arranged in this manner.
The structure of the ______ is arranged in this manner.
The structure of the thyroid ______ is arranged in this manner.
The structure of the thyroid ______ is arranged in this manner.
Thyroid follicle ______ is arranged in this manner.
Thyroid follicle ______ is arranged in this manner.
[Blank] structure: thyroid follicle arranged in this manner.
[Blank] structure: thyroid follicle arranged in this manner.
Thyroid ______: arranged in this manner.
Thyroid ______: arranged in this manner.
Thyroid follicle: ______ in this manner.
Thyroid follicle: ______ in this manner.
Thyroid follicle: arranged in this ______.
Thyroid follicle: arranged in this ______.
The secretion of ______ is triggered by the adrenal medulla.
The secretion of ______ is triggered by the adrenal medulla.
The sympathetic nervous system will trigger adrenal medulla to secrete epinephrine during ______ situations.
The sympathetic nervous system will trigger adrenal medulla to secrete epinephrine during ______ situations.
Cortisol peaks at early ______ and stops during the day.
Cortisol peaks at early ______ and stops during the day.
Cortisol is used as a ______ hormone and increases during the night.
Cortisol is used as a ______ hormone and increases during the night.
Melatonin production is secreted once the level of ______ intensity decreases.
Melatonin production is secreted once the level of ______ intensity decreases.
Melatonin is derived from the precursor ______.
Melatonin is derived from the precursor ______.
During long nights, melatonin concentration is ______.
During long nights, melatonin concentration is ______.
High concentrations of melatonin trigger the release of ______.
High concentrations of melatonin trigger the release of ______.
The infundibulum is the ______ between the posterior pituitary gland and the hypothalamus.
The infundibulum is the ______ between the posterior pituitary gland and the hypothalamus.
The anterior pituitary gland is connected to the hypothalamus via the ______.
The anterior pituitary gland is connected to the hypothalamus via the ______.
The anterior pituitary gland is poorly ______.
The anterior pituitary gland is poorly ______.
The anterior pituitary gland secretes ______.
The anterior pituitary gland secretes ______.
Proopiomelanocortin (POMC) is cleaved to ______ and ______.
Proopiomelanocortin (POMC) is cleaved to ______ and ______.
A-MSH controls the skin coloration of animals by changing the dispersion of storage granules containing the ______ pigment.
A-MSH controls the skin coloration of animals by changing the dispersion of storage granules containing the ______ pigment.
The anterior pituitary gland is also known as the ______ gland.
The anterior pituitary gland is also known as the ______ gland.
______ are hormones responsible for ovulation.
______ are hormones responsible for ovulation.
Lactotropes produce ______, which stimulates mammary glands to produce milk.
Lactotropes produce ______, which stimulates mammary glands to produce milk.
______ produces the growth hormone, functioning for the growth of the body.
______ produces the growth hormone, functioning for the growth of the body.
LH is important for ______, where release of oocytes occurs from mature follicles.
LH is important for ______, where release of oocytes occurs from mature follicles.
Hypothalamic hormones regulate the ______ of the anterior pituitary gland.
Hypothalamic hormones regulate the ______ of the anterior pituitary gland.
________ is an anti-diuretic hormone.
________ is an anti-diuretic hormone.
The nephron is the fundamental unit of the kidneys where ________ happens.
The nephron is the fundamental unit of the kidneys where ________ happens.
Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion is abbreviated as ________.
Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion is abbreviated as ________.
________ reflex is the contraction during labor due to the release of oxytocin.
________ reflex is the contraction during labor due to the release of oxytocin.
Diabetes insipidus is mainly due to hypo secretion of ________.
Diabetes insipidus is mainly due to hypo secretion of ________.
Stretch of the cervix that triggers release of oxytocin is an example of a ________ feedback mechanism.
Stretch of the cervix that triggers release of oxytocin is an example of a ________ feedback mechanism.
Oxytocin release in lactation will trigger release of ________ from mammary glands.
Oxytocin release in lactation will trigger release of ________ from mammary glands.
A condition where the body makes too much antidiuretic hormone ADH is called ________.
A condition where the body makes too much antidiuretic hormone ADH is called ________.
The thyroid gland functions in metabolism and developmental processes, such as the transformation from ________ to adult frogs.
The thyroid gland functions in metabolism and developmental processes, such as the transformation from ________ to adult frogs.
In lower vertebrates, AVT stands for ________ vasotocin.
In lower vertebrates, AVT stands for ________ vasotocin.
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Study Notes
Anterior Pituitary Gland
- Poorly vascularized and secretes MSH
- Also known as the master gland, controlling the production and secretion of other hormones
- Cells in the anterior pituitary gland make their own hormone, with different types of cells producing different hormones
- Gonadotropes produce hormones responsible for ovulation, such as FSH and LH
- Somatotropes produce growth hormone, functioning for the growth of the body
- Lactotropes produce prolactin, stimulating mammary glands to produce milk
- Corticotropes produce adrenocorticotropic hormone, important for cortisol secretion and growth of adrenal cortex
- Thyrotropes produce TSH, regulating thyroid hormone secretion and growth of the thyroid gland
Neuroendocrine Reflexes
- Combination of neural and endocrine pathways
- Example: secretion of epinephrine by the adrenal medulla during stressful situations, triggered by the sympathetic nervous system
Biological Rhythms
- Cortisol levels increase at night and peak in the early morning, decreasing during the day
- Cortisol is used as a stress hormone, preparing the body for stresses during the day
- Regulated by light intensity, with detection by the suprachiasmatic nucleus
Pineal Gland
- Regulates melatonin production, triggered by changes in light intensity
- Melatonin helps with sleep, with increased production in the dark
- Melatonin is produced from the precursor tryptophan
Vertebrate Endocrine System
- Mediobasal hypothalamus: important for short day breeders, with melatonin triggering the release of GnRH, FSH, and LH
- Pineal gland serves as an inhibitor gland for the hypothalamus in long day breeders
Pituitary Gland
- Posterior pituitary gland: neurohypophysis, with a neural connection to the hypothalamus
- Anterior pituitary gland: adenohypophysis, with a vascular link to the hypothalamus
- Intermediate lobe: found in some animals, with vasopressin (arginine vasotocin) function
Vasopressin
- Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH), functioning in water retention in the kidneys
- Increases water reabsorption in the kidneys, leading to increased blood pressure
- Also functions in anterior constriction, increasing blood pressure
SIADH
- Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion, causing water retention and hyponatremia
- Clinical manifestations include edema, weight gain, hypertension, and dilutional hyponatremia
Oxytocin
- Hormone of love, important in labor and lactation
- Stimulates uterine contractions during labor and milk letdown during lactation
- Also involved in social bindings, partner preference, maternal behavior, and social cognitions
- Low levels of oxytocin are linked to autism, anxiety, and difficulty with social interactions
Thyroid Gland
- Functions in metabolism and developmental processes, such as the transformation of tadpoles to adult frogs
- Thyroid hormone is essential for growth and development
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