Physiology of the Anterior Pituitary Gland
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Questions and Answers

The thyroid follicle is arranged in this ______.

manner

The ______ follicle is arranged in this manner.

thyroid

The ______ of the thyroid follicle is arranged in this manner.

structure

The structure of the ______ is arranged in this manner.

<p>follicle</p> Signup and view all the answers

The structure of the thyroid ______ is arranged in this manner.

<p>follicle</p> Signup and view all the answers

Thyroid follicle ______ is arranged in this manner.

<p>structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

[Blank] structure: thyroid follicle arranged in this manner.

<p>Structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

Thyroid ______: arranged in this manner.

<p>follicle</p> Signup and view all the answers

Thyroid follicle: ______ in this manner.

<p>arranged</p> Signup and view all the answers

Thyroid follicle: arranged in this ______.

<p>manner</p> Signup and view all the answers

The secretion of ______ is triggered by the adrenal medulla.

<p>epinephrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

The sympathetic nervous system will trigger adrenal medulla to secrete epinephrine during ______ situations.

<p>stressful</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cortisol peaks at early ______ and stops during the day.

<p>morning</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cortisol is used as a ______ hormone and increases during the night.

<p>stress</p> Signup and view all the answers

Melatonin production is secreted once the level of ______ intensity decreases.

<p>light</p> Signup and view all the answers

Melatonin is derived from the precursor ______.

<p>tryptophan</p> Signup and view all the answers

During long nights, melatonin concentration is ______.

<p>higher</p> Signup and view all the answers

High concentrations of melatonin trigger the release of ______.

<p>GnRH</p> Signup and view all the answers

The infundibulum is the ______ between the posterior pituitary gland and the hypothalamus.

<p>connection</p> Signup and view all the answers

The anterior pituitary gland is connected to the hypothalamus via the ______.

<p>vascular link</p> Signup and view all the answers

The anterior pituitary gland is poorly ______.

<p>vascularized</p> Signup and view all the answers

The anterior pituitary gland secretes ______.

<p>MSH</p> Signup and view all the answers

Proopiomelanocortin (POMC) is cleaved to ______ and ______.

<p>a-MSH, b-MSH</p> Signup and view all the answers

A-MSH controls the skin coloration of animals by changing the dispersion of storage granules containing the ______ pigment.

<p>melanin</p> Signup and view all the answers

The anterior pituitary gland is also known as the ______ gland.

<p>master</p> Signup and view all the answers

______ are hormones responsible for ovulation.

<p>Gonadotropes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Lactotropes produce ______, which stimulates mammary glands to produce milk.

<p>prolactin</p> Signup and view all the answers

______ produces the growth hormone, functioning for the growth of the body.

<p>Somatotropes</p> Signup and view all the answers

LH is important for ______, where release of oocytes occurs from mature follicles.

<p>ovulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hypothalamic hormones regulate the ______ of the anterior pituitary gland.

<p>hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

________ is an anti-diuretic hormone.

<p>Vasopressin</p> Signup and view all the answers

The nephron is the fundamental unit of the kidneys where ________ happens.

<p>filtration</p> Signup and view all the answers

Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion is abbreviated as ________.

<p>SIADH</p> Signup and view all the answers

________ reflex is the contraction during labor due to the release of oxytocin.

<p>Ferguson's</p> Signup and view all the answers

Diabetes insipidus is mainly due to hypo secretion of ________.

<p>ADH</p> Signup and view all the answers

Stretch of the cervix that triggers release of oxytocin is an example of a ________ feedback mechanism.

<p>positive</p> Signup and view all the answers

Oxytocin release in lactation will trigger release of ________ from mammary glands.

<p>milk</p> Signup and view all the answers

A condition where the body makes too much antidiuretic hormone ADH is called ________.

<p>SIADH</p> Signup and view all the answers

The thyroid gland functions in metabolism and developmental processes, such as the transformation from ________ to adult frogs.

<p>tadpoles</p> Signup and view all the answers

In lower vertebrates, AVT stands for ________ vasotocin.

<p>Arginine</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Anterior Pituitary Gland

  • Poorly vascularized and secretes MSH
  • Also known as the master gland, controlling the production and secretion of other hormones
  • Cells in the anterior pituitary gland make their own hormone, with different types of cells producing different hormones
  • Gonadotropes produce hormones responsible for ovulation, such as FSH and LH
  • Somatotropes produce growth hormone, functioning for the growth of the body
  • Lactotropes produce prolactin, stimulating mammary glands to produce milk
  • Corticotropes produce adrenocorticotropic hormone, important for cortisol secretion and growth of adrenal cortex
  • Thyrotropes produce TSH, regulating thyroid hormone secretion and growth of the thyroid gland

Neuroendocrine Reflexes

  • Combination of neural and endocrine pathways
  • Example: secretion of epinephrine by the adrenal medulla during stressful situations, triggered by the sympathetic nervous system

Biological Rhythms

  • Cortisol levels increase at night and peak in the early morning, decreasing during the day
  • Cortisol is used as a stress hormone, preparing the body for stresses during the day
  • Regulated by light intensity, with detection by the suprachiasmatic nucleus

Pineal Gland

  • Regulates melatonin production, triggered by changes in light intensity
  • Melatonin helps with sleep, with increased production in the dark
  • Melatonin is produced from the precursor tryptophan

Vertebrate Endocrine System

  • Mediobasal hypothalamus: important for short day breeders, with melatonin triggering the release of GnRH, FSH, and LH
  • Pineal gland serves as an inhibitor gland for the hypothalamus in long day breeders

Pituitary Gland

  • Posterior pituitary gland: neurohypophysis, with a neural connection to the hypothalamus
  • Anterior pituitary gland: adenohypophysis, with a vascular link to the hypothalamus
  • Intermediate lobe: found in some animals, with vasopressin (arginine vasotocin) function

Vasopressin

  • Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH), functioning in water retention in the kidneys
  • Increases water reabsorption in the kidneys, leading to increased blood pressure
  • Also functions in anterior constriction, increasing blood pressure

SIADH

  • Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion, causing water retention and hyponatremia
  • Clinical manifestations include edema, weight gain, hypertension, and dilutional hyponatremia

Oxytocin

  • Hormone of love, important in labor and lactation
  • Stimulates uterine contractions during labor and milk letdown during lactation
  • Also involved in social bindings, partner preference, maternal behavior, and social cognitions
  • Low levels of oxytocin are linked to autism, anxiety, and difficulty with social interactions

Thyroid Gland

  • Functions in metabolism and developmental processes, such as the transformation of tadpoles to adult frogs
  • Thyroid hormone is essential for growth and development

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Quiz about the functions and hormones of the anterior pituitary gland, including MSH and its role in skin coloration and camouflage.

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