40 Questions
The thyroid follicle is arranged in this ______.
manner
The ______ follicle is arranged in this manner.
thyroid
The ______ of the thyroid follicle is arranged in this manner.
structure
The structure of the ______ is arranged in this manner.
follicle
The structure of the thyroid ______ is arranged in this manner.
follicle
Thyroid follicle ______ is arranged in this manner.
structure
[Blank] structure: thyroid follicle arranged in this manner.
Structure
Thyroid ______: arranged in this manner.
follicle
Thyroid follicle: ______ in this manner.
arranged
Thyroid follicle: arranged in this ______.
manner
The secretion of ______ is triggered by the adrenal medulla.
epinephrine
The sympathetic nervous system will trigger adrenal medulla to secrete epinephrine during ______ situations.
stressful
Cortisol peaks at early ______ and stops during the day.
morning
Cortisol is used as a ______ hormone and increases during the night.
stress
Melatonin production is secreted once the level of ______ intensity decreases.
light
Melatonin is derived from the precursor ______.
tryptophan
During long nights, melatonin concentration is ______.
higher
High concentrations of melatonin trigger the release of ______.
GnRH
The infundibulum is the ______ between the posterior pituitary gland and the hypothalamus.
connection
The anterior pituitary gland is connected to the hypothalamus via the ______.
vascular link
The anterior pituitary gland is poorly ______.
vascularized
The anterior pituitary gland secretes ______.
MSH
Proopiomelanocortin (POMC) is cleaved to ______ and ______.
a-MSH, b-MSH
A-MSH controls the skin coloration of animals by changing the dispersion of storage granules containing the ______ pigment.
melanin
The anterior pituitary gland is also known as the ______ gland.
master
______ are hormones responsible for ovulation.
Gonadotropes
Lactotropes produce ______, which stimulates mammary glands to produce milk.
prolactin
______ produces the growth hormone, functioning for the growth of the body.
Somatotropes
LH is important for ______, where release of oocytes occurs from mature follicles.
ovulation
Hypothalamic hormones regulate the ______ of the anterior pituitary gland.
hormones
________ is an anti-diuretic hormone.
Vasopressin
The nephron is the fundamental unit of the kidneys where ________ happens.
filtration
Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion is abbreviated as ________.
SIADH
________ reflex is the contraction during labor due to the release of oxytocin.
Ferguson's
Diabetes insipidus is mainly due to hypo secretion of ________.
ADH
Stretch of the cervix that triggers release of oxytocin is an example of a ________ feedback mechanism.
positive
Oxytocin release in lactation will trigger release of ________ from mammary glands.
milk
A condition where the body makes too much antidiuretic hormone ADH is called ________.
SIADH
The thyroid gland functions in metabolism and developmental processes, such as the transformation from ________ to adult frogs.
tadpoles
In lower vertebrates, AVT stands for ________ vasotocin.
Arginine
Study Notes
Anterior Pituitary Gland
- Poorly vascularized and secretes MSH
- Also known as the master gland, controlling the production and secretion of other hormones
- Cells in the anterior pituitary gland make their own hormone, with different types of cells producing different hormones
- Gonadotropes produce hormones responsible for ovulation, such as FSH and LH
- Somatotropes produce growth hormone, functioning for the growth of the body
- Lactotropes produce prolactin, stimulating mammary glands to produce milk
- Corticotropes produce adrenocorticotropic hormone, important for cortisol secretion and growth of adrenal cortex
- Thyrotropes produce TSH, regulating thyroid hormone secretion and growth of the thyroid gland
Neuroendocrine Reflexes
- Combination of neural and endocrine pathways
- Example: secretion of epinephrine by the adrenal medulla during stressful situations, triggered by the sympathetic nervous system
Biological Rhythms
- Cortisol levels increase at night and peak in the early morning, decreasing during the day
- Cortisol is used as a stress hormone, preparing the body for stresses during the day
- Regulated by light intensity, with detection by the suprachiasmatic nucleus
Pineal Gland
- Regulates melatonin production, triggered by changes in light intensity
- Melatonin helps with sleep, with increased production in the dark
- Melatonin is produced from the precursor tryptophan
Vertebrate Endocrine System
- Mediobasal hypothalamus: important for short day breeders, with melatonin triggering the release of GnRH, FSH, and LH
- Pineal gland serves as an inhibitor gland for the hypothalamus in long day breeders
Pituitary Gland
- Posterior pituitary gland: neurohypophysis, with a neural connection to the hypothalamus
- Anterior pituitary gland: adenohypophysis, with a vascular link to the hypothalamus
- Intermediate lobe: found in some animals, with vasopressin (arginine vasotocin) function
Vasopressin
- Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH), functioning in water retention in the kidneys
- Increases water reabsorption in the kidneys, leading to increased blood pressure
- Also functions in anterior constriction, increasing blood pressure
SIADH
- Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion, causing water retention and hyponatremia
- Clinical manifestations include edema, weight gain, hypertension, and dilutional hyponatremia
Oxytocin
- Hormone of love, important in labor and lactation
- Stimulates uterine contractions during labor and milk letdown during lactation
- Also involved in social bindings, partner preference, maternal behavior, and social cognitions
- Low levels of oxytocin are linked to autism, anxiety, and difficulty with social interactions
Thyroid Gland
- Functions in metabolism and developmental processes, such as the transformation of tadpoles to adult frogs
- Thyroid hormone is essential for growth and development
Quiz about the functions and hormones of the anterior pituitary gland, including MSH and its role in skin coloration and camouflage.
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