1. Disorders of Pituitary Gland

<p>Prolactinomas and nonfunctioning adenomas (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>40% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are typically well-circumscribed. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Low (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Amenorrhea (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Greater than 1cm in diameter (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypertension (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Luteinizing Hormone (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rathke's pouch (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Secretes hormones like epinephrine and norepinephrine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thyroid-stimulating hormone (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Melanotroph cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Both A and B (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pars intermedia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Neurohypophysis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It contains acidophils, basophils, and chromophobes. (B), It secretes hormones that regulate the thyroid, adrenal glands, and gonads. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Adenomas (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Incidentaloma (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Silent tumor (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Melanocyte-stimulating Hormone (MSH) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hyperpituitarism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypopituitarism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acromegaly (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fatigue (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>MRI (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ectopic secretion of ADH (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hyperthyroidism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mutations in the CTNNB1 gene (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Papillary architecture (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They can be either cystic or solid. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Papillary architecture (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bimodal distribution with peaks in childhood and adulthood (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Direct compression of the optic chiasm (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Excessive urination (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypopituitarism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hyperplasia of the adenohypophysis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cushing Syndrome (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Somatotroph adenoma (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pallor (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sheehan syndrome (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Excessive sweating in men (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Empty Sella Syndrome (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prolactinoma (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The OGTT should suppress GH to a level below 1 ng/mL in healthy individuals. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Crook Cell Adenoma (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pituitary apoplexy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The pituitary gland includes the adenohypophysis, neurohypophysis, and pars intermedia.

The anterior lobe of the pituitary gland, making up about 80% of its mass.

The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland that releases hormones produced by the hypothalamus.

Cells in the anterior pituitary that produce adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH).

Cells that secrete growth hormone (GH) in the anterior pituitary gland.

Cells that produce thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) in the anterior pituitary gland.

Cells that secrete follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) in the pituitary gland.

The feedback loop involving the hypothalamus, pituitary, and target glands, regulating hormone levels.

Cells in the anterior pituitary that secrete prolactin (PRL).

Type of cells in the anterior pituitary; three types include corticotrophs, gonadotrophs, and thyrotrophs.

Type of cells in the anterior pituitary; they include somatotrophs and mammotrophs.

Not an endocrine gland; a storage site for neurosecretions from hypothalamic neurons.

Produced in the supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus, stored in the posterior pituitary.

Produced in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, stored in the posterior pituitary.

Excess secretion of pituitary hormones, often due to adenomas in the anterior pituitary.

Tumors that arise from pituitary cells; can be secreting or non-secreting.

An unsuspected pituitary lesion found during imaging for unrelated reasons.

A condition resulting from inadequate secretion of pituitary hormones, often due to large lesions.

Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH secretion; results in water over-resorption and hyponatremia.

ADH produced by tumors outside the pituitary, commonly seen in small cell lung carcinoma.

Tumors in the hypothalamic region causing hormonal imbalances and diabetes insipidus.

Tumors arising from Rathke pouch remnants, with bimodal age distribution and are typically cystic.

A variant of craniopharyngioma common in children with distinctive histology.

A variant of craniopharyngioma more common in adults, lacking lamellar keratin.

A molecular pathway involved in cell proliferation, often activated in adamantinomatous tumors.

Genetic mutations that drive the pathogenesis of papillary craniopharyngiomas.

Incidence is 3.9 to 7.4 cases per 100,000 people.

Prevalence of clinically-relevant adenomas is 1 per 1000 in the general population.

Most new cases are diagnosed as prolactinomas and nonfunctioning adenomas.

Activating G-protein mutations are common alterations, specifically GNAS mutations.

GNAS mutations occur in about 40% of somatotroph cell adenomas.

Activating mutations of USP8 occur in 30% to 60% of corticotroph adenomas.

Macroadenomas are typically well-circumscribed, soft, and may be invasive.

Prolactinomas are the most common hyperfunctioning adenomas, making up 30% of cases.

A macroprolactinoma is greater than 1 cm in diameter.

Symptoms include amenorrhea, galactorrhea, loss of libido, and infertility.

The second most common pituitary adenoma, secretes growth hormone.

Excessive growth hormone in adults leading to enlarged body parts.

Excessive growth hormone in children, causing abnormally tall stature.

A test to diagnose acromegaly by measuring GH suppression.

A pituitary adenoma producing excess ACTH, leading to Cushing Syndrome.

A condition caused by excessive cortisol, often due to corticotroph adenoma.

A condition due to deficiency of ADH, leading to excessive urination.

Hormone responsible for water reabsorption in kidneys.

Excess cortisol in the body, often from adrenal glands.

Hormone that promotes growth and cell reproduction.

Hormone that stimulates cortisol production from adrenal glands.

Condition where the sella turcica is filled with cerebrospinal fluid instead of pituitary tissue.

A benign cyst that can arise in the pituitary gland and affect hormone production.