Podcast
Questions and Answers
According to Piaget's theory, what cognitive process involves adjusting existing schemas to incorporate new information?
According to Piaget's theory, what cognitive process involves adjusting existing schemas to incorporate new information?
- Equilibration
- Organization
- Assimilation
- Accommodation (correct)
Which of Piaget's stages is characterized by infants using their senses and motor abilities to understand the world?
Which of Piaget's stages is characterized by infants using their senses and motor abilities to understand the world?
- Preoperational
- Formal Operational
- Sensorimotor (correct)
- Concrete Operational
What is the hallmark of the 'coordination of secondary circular reactions' substage within Piaget's sensorimotor stage?
What is the hallmark of the 'coordination of secondary circular reactions' substage within Piaget's sensorimotor stage?
- Exploration through trial and error
- Repetition of actions focused on the infant's own body
- Intentional behavior (correct)
- Reflexive actions
A child consistently searches for a toy in the same hiding spot (location A), even after seeing it moved to a new hiding spot (location B). According to Piaget, this behavior is known as:
A child consistently searches for a toy in the same hiding spot (location A), even after seeing it moved to a new hiding spot (location B). According to Piaget, this behavior is known as:
What is the primary characteristic of the symbolic function substage in Piaget's preoperational stage?
What is the primary characteristic of the symbolic function substage in Piaget's preoperational stage?
A child struggles to understand that a tall, narrow glass and a short, wide glass can contain the same amount of liquid. Which cognitive limitation, typical of Piaget's preoperational stage, is the child demonstrating?
A child struggles to understand that a tall, narrow glass and a short, wide glass can contain the same amount of liquid. Which cognitive limitation, typical of Piaget's preoperational stage, is the child demonstrating?
In Piaget's theory, during which stage do children develop the ability to classify objects into sets and subsets, demonstrating class inclusion?
In Piaget's theory, during which stage do children develop the ability to classify objects into sets and subsets, demonstrating class inclusion?
A teenager is able to consider hypothetical scenarios and systematically test different possibilities to solve a problem. According to Piaget, which stage of cognitive development is this individual in?
A teenager is able to consider hypothetical scenarios and systematically test different possibilities to solve a problem. According to Piaget, which stage of cognitive development is this individual in?
What is the term for the adolescent belief that others are constantly paying attention to and evaluating their appearance and behavior?
What is the term for the adolescent belief that others are constantly paying attention to and evaluating their appearance and behavior?
According to Vygotsky, what represents the range of tasks that a child can accomplish with assistance from a more skilled individual?
According to Vygotsky, what represents the range of tasks that a child can accomplish with assistance from a more skilled individual?
In Vygotsky's theory, what term describes the temporary support given to a child by a teacher or peer to help them master a task?
In Vygotsky's theory, what term describes the temporary support given to a child by a teacher or peer to help them master a task?
According to Vygotsky, what is initially external, self-directed talk that children use to guide their behavior and problem-solving called?
According to Vygotsky, what is initially external, self-directed talk that children use to guide their behavior and problem-solving called?
Which of the following characterizes postformal thought?
Which of the following characterizes postformal thought?
What type of memory involves the brief storage of sensory information?
What type of memory involves the brief storage of sensory information?
What is the approximate capacity of short-term memory, according to George Miller's research?
What is the approximate capacity of short-term memory, according to George Miller's research?
Which type of long-term memory involves conscious recollection of facts and events?
Which type of long-term memory involves conscious recollection of facts and events?
What type of memory allows you to unconsciously ride a bike?
What type of memory allows you to unconsciously ride a bike?
What type of memory retrieval involves accessing information without any specific cues or prompts?
What type of memory retrieval involves accessing information without any specific cues or prompts?
What memory process is primarily assessed when taking a multiple-choice test?
What memory process is primarily assessed when taking a multiple-choice test?
Which brain structure plays a critical role in encoding new explicit memories?
Which brain structure plays a critical role in encoding new explicit memories?
What is the term for the inability to form new memories after an event?
What is the term for the inability to form new memories after an event?
What type of amnesia involves the loss of memories from before a traumatic event or brain injury?
What type of amnesia involves the loss of memories from before a traumatic event or brain injury?
What is the typical term for the inability of adults to recall memories from their early childhood?
What is the typical term for the inability of adults to recall memories from their early childhood?
What is the 'tip-of-the-tongue' phenomenon?
What is the 'tip-of-the-tongue' phenomenon?
What type of learning occurs through the association of two stimuli?
What type of learning occurs through the association of two stimuli?
What type of learning involves consequences (reinforcement or punishment) to change the probability of a behavior?
What type of learning involves consequences (reinforcement or punishment) to change the probability of a behavior?
What process describes learning by watching and imitating others?
What process describes learning by watching and imitating others?
What occurs when an infant shows a decreased response to a stimulus after repeated exposure?
What occurs when an infant shows a decreased response to a stimulus after repeated exposure?
What term describes the ability to imitate an action after a delay, indicating the presence of memory?
What term describes the ability to imitate an action after a delay, indicating the presence of memory?
What term refers to knowledge about one's own memory processes and the ability to understand how memory works?
What term refers to knowledge about one's own memory processes and the ability to understand how memory works?
What is the term for a measure of intelligence that compares a person's performance to others of the same chronological age?
What is the term for a measure of intelligence that compares a person's performance to others of the same chronological age?
What is generally used as the cutoff IQ score for defining intellectual disability?
What is generally used as the cutoff IQ score for defining intellectual disability?
Which of the Wechsler Intelligence Scales is designed for assessing the cognitive abilities of children aged 6-16?
Which of the Wechsler Intelligence Scales is designed for assessing the cognitive abilities of children aged 6-16?
What phenomenon refers to the observed increase in average IQ scores over successive generations?
What phenomenon refers to the observed increase in average IQ scores over successive generations?
According to Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence, what are the three distinct types of intelligence?
According to Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence, what are the three distinct types of intelligence?
Howard Gardner proposed a theory of multiple intelligences. Which of the following is NOT one of Gardner's identified intelligences?
Howard Gardner proposed a theory of multiple intelligences. Which of the following is NOT one of Gardner's identified intelligences?
Which of the following describes the ability to think about something in novel and unusual ways and to come up with unique, good solutions to problems?
Which of the following describes the ability to think about something in novel and unusual ways and to come up with unique, good solutions to problems?
What does emotional intelligence (EQ) primarily focus on?
What does emotional intelligence (EQ) primarily focus on?
What type of intelligence refers to accumulated knowledge and verbal skills, which tend to increase with age?
What type of intelligence refers to accumulated knowledge and verbal skills, which tend to increase with age?
What type of intelligence involves the ability to reason quickly and abstractly, and tends to decline in late adulthood?
What type of intelligence involves the ability to reason quickly and abstractly, and tends to decline in late adulthood?
What is the term for Noam Chomsky's concept of an innate, biological endowment that enables children to detect certain features and rules of language?
What is the term for Noam Chomsky's concept of an innate, biological endowment that enables children to detect certain features and rules of language?
Which area of the brain is primarily associated with language production?
Which area of the brain is primarily associated with language production?
Damage to which area of the brain is most likely to result in difficulties with language comprehension?
Damage to which area of the brain is most likely to result in difficulties with language comprehension?
What is the term for the sound system of a language, including the sounds that are used and how they may be combined?
What is the term for the sound system of a language, including the sounds that are used and how they may be combined?
What is the term used to describe the smallest unit that carries meaning in a language?
What is the term used to describe the smallest unit that carries meaning in a language?
What is the phonics approach to reading instruction?
What is the phonics approach to reading instruction?
What is the language error of applying a word too broadly, to objects that are inappropriate for the word's meaning, known as?
What is the language error of applying a word too broadly, to objects that are inappropriate for the word's meaning, known as?
A child encounters a new type of dog breed that doesn't quite fit their existing schema of 'dog'. According to Piaget, which process is most likely occurring?
A child encounters a new type of dog breed that doesn't quite fit their existing schema of 'dog'. According to Piaget, which process is most likely occurring?
An infant repeatedly shakes a rattle to hear the noise it makes. According to Piaget, which substage of the sensorimotor stage is the infant in?
An infant repeatedly shakes a rattle to hear the noise it makes. According to Piaget, which substage of the sensorimotor stage is the infant in?
In Piaget's sensorimotor stage, which substage is characterized by infants combining actions to achieve a goal?
In Piaget's sensorimotor stage, which substage is characterized by infants combining actions to achieve a goal?
A child in Piaget's sensorimotor stage consistently searches for a toy under a blanket, even after observing someone hide it under a pillow. This behavior demonstrates which concept?
A child in Piaget's sensorimotor stage consistently searches for a toy under a blanket, even after observing someone hide it under a pillow. This behavior demonstrates which concept?
A child is observed using a banana as a pretend phone during play. Which substage of Piaget's preoperational stage does these behaviors align with?
A child is observed using a banana as a pretend phone during play. Which substage of Piaget's preoperational stage does these behaviors align with?
What cognitive limitation is primarily demonstrated when a child believes that a broken cookie has more pieces, therefore there is more to eat?
What cognitive limitation is primarily demonstrated when a child believes that a broken cookie has more pieces, therefore there is more to eat?
A child is presented with a set of red and blue blocks and asked if there are more red blocks or more blocks in general. The child answers 'more red blocks.' Which concept is the child struggling with?
A child is presented with a set of red and blue blocks and asked if there are more red blocks or more blocks in general. The child answers 'more red blocks.' Which concept is the child struggling with?
Which type of reasoning is characterized by forming a hypothesis and then systematically testing it through experimentation?
Which type of reasoning is characterized by forming a hypothesis and then systematically testing it through experimentation?
What causes an adolescent to spend hours picking out an outfit, worrying about how they might be perceived?
What causes an adolescent to spend hours picking out an outfit, worrying about how they might be perceived?
According to Vygotsky, what cognitive advantage is the child working in the Zone of Proximal Development?
According to Vygotsky, what cognitive advantage is the child working in the Zone of Proximal Development?
A teacher breaks down a complex math problem into smaller, manageable steps and provides guidance to a student as they learn. As the student's understanding increases, the teacher gradually reduces assistance. This instructional approach exemplifies:
A teacher breaks down a complex math problem into smaller, manageable steps and provides guidance to a student as they learn. As the student's understanding increases, the teacher gradually reduces assistance. This instructional approach exemplifies:
Which phenomenon is exhibited when a child repeats instructions aloud while assembling a model airplane, eventually internalizing these instructions for future use?
Which phenomenon is exhibited when a child repeats instructions aloud while assembling a model airplane, eventually internalizing these instructions for future use?
Which cognitive advancement is best demonstrated by an adult acknowledging the merits of differing political viewpoints and adjusting their perspective as needed?
Which cognitive advancement is best demonstrated by an adult acknowledging the merits of differing political viewpoints and adjusting their perspective as needed?
What is the first stage of memory, according to the information processing model?
What is the first stage of memory, according to the information processing model?
A person can remember approximately how many digits in a phone number after briefly looking at it?
A person can remember approximately how many digits in a phone number after briefly looking at it?
What category of memories would contain your recollection of your high school graduation ceremony?
What category of memories would contain your recollection of your high school graduation ceremony?
Which function of memory is tested by a gymnast performing a routine learned years ago?
Which function of memory is tested by a gymnast performing a routine learned years ago?
What is being used when a student is asked to write everything they remember about a specific historical event?
What is being used when a student is asked to write everything they remember about a specific historical event?
What type of memory retrieval is exemplified by matching faces to names in a yearbook?
What type of memory retrieval is exemplified by matching faces to names in a yearbook?
Which brain structure is highly active when forming new memories, particularly those related to personal experiences?
Which brain structure is highly active when forming new memories, particularly those related to personal experiences?
An accident victim can recall events from before the accident but cannot form new long-term memories. What type of amnesia are they experiencing?
An accident victim can recall events from before the accident but cannot form new long-term memories. What type of amnesia are they experiencing?
An individual who has lost previously stored memories due to a traumatic brain injury is suffering from what condition?
An individual who has lost previously stored memories due to a traumatic brain injury is suffering from what condition?
Why can adults not vividly recall events from their infancy and toddler years?
Why can adults not vividly recall events from their infancy and toddler years?
What phenomenon of memory is characterized by knowing you know the information but being temporarily unable to retrieve it?
What phenomenon of memory is characterized by knowing you know the information but being temporarily unable to retrieve it?
When a dog learns to salivate at the sound of a bell because the bell has been repeatedly paired with the presentation of food, what type of learning has occurred?
When a dog learns to salivate at the sound of a bell because the bell has been repeatedly paired with the presentation of food, what type of learning has occurred?
A student studies diligently for a test and receives a high grade, thereby increasing the likelihood that they will study diligently for future tests. Which type of learning is best exemplified?
A student studies diligently for a test and receives a high grade, thereby increasing the likelihood that they will study diligently for future tests. Which type of learning is best exemplified?
A child learns to tie their shoes by watching their parent perform the task and then imitating the steps. What term best explains this type of learning>
A child learns to tie their shoes by watching their parent perform the task and then imitating the steps. What term best explains this type of learning>
What learning process occurs when a baby is no longer startled by a loud noise after it is repeatedly presented?
What learning process occurs when a baby is no longer startled by a loud noise after it is repeatedly presented?
What is exhibited when a toddler imitates a behavior they observed a day prior?
What is exhibited when a toddler imitates a behavior they observed a day prior?
What ability refers to thinking about your own thought processes?
What ability refers to thinking about your own thought processes?
What term is used to describe the cognitive maturity of an individual based on comparing their test performance against the results of others in their age group?
What term is used to describe the cognitive maturity of an individual based on comparing their test performance against the results of others in their age group?
Which of the following is considered the threshold score for determining whether a person has an intellectual disability?
Which of the following is considered the threshold score for determining whether a person has an intellectual disability?
Which commonly used intelligence test is specifically designed to assess cognitive abilities in preschool children?
Which commonly used intelligence test is specifically designed to assess cognitive abilities in preschool children?
What trend has been uncovered by observing intelligence test results across multiple generations?
What trend has been uncovered by observing intelligence test results across multiple generations?
According to Sternberg, what type of intelligence is utilized one might use to compare and contrast different theories in a psychology course?
According to Sternberg, what type of intelligence is utilized one might use to compare and contrast different theories in a psychology course?
Which human capacity would be most useful for an architect working on blueprints?
Which human capacity would be most useful for an architect working on blueprints?
Engaging in brainstorming sessions to produce novel strategies demonstrates strength in which area?
Engaging in brainstorming sessions to produce novel strategies demonstrates strength in which area?
Understanding and managing your own emotions showcases development of what area?
Understanding and managing your own emotions showcases development of what area?
What type of intelligence is most demonstrated by a contestant's broad understanding of a trivia game?
What type of intelligence is most demonstrated by a contestant's broad understanding of a trivia game?
What kind of intelligence enables people to quickly learn and adapt to new situations.
What kind of intelligence enables people to quickly learn and adapt to new situations.
What innate system allows children to rapidly acquire language?
What innate system allows children to rapidly acquire language?
Which area of the brain would be most affected if a person is having difficulty forming words and sentences?
Which area of the brain would be most affected if a person is having difficulty forming words and sentences?
What part of the brain causes issues with language comprehension when it is damaged?
What part of the brain causes issues with language comprehension when it is damaged?
A linguist studying the various sounds a language makes is studying what?
A linguist studying the various sounds a language makes is studying what?
The smallest component of language that carries meaning is best described as what?
The smallest component of language that carries meaning is best described as what?
What method of reading instruction focuses on teaching students basic rules for translating written symbols into sounds?
What method of reading instruction focuses on teaching students basic rules for translating written symbols into sounds?
What is occurring when a child refers to all four-legged animals as 'dogs'?
What is occurring when a child refers to all four-legged animals as 'dogs'?
A child is presented with a new puzzle. According to Piaget, which cognitive process is primarily involved when the child modifies their existing problem-solving strategies to fit the unique requirements of the puzzle?
A child is presented with a new puzzle. According to Piaget, which cognitive process is primarily involved when the child modifies their existing problem-solving strategies to fit the unique requirements of the puzzle?
Which of the following best illustrates the concept of a 'scheme' as defined by Piaget?
Which of the following best illustrates the concept of a 'scheme' as defined by Piaget?
During which substage of Piaget's sensorimotor stage do infants typically begin to exhibit intentional behavior?
During which substage of Piaget's sensorimotor stage do infants typically begin to exhibit intentional behavior?
An infant repeatedly drops different objects from their high chair, observing how each one falls. According to Piaget, what type of circular reaction is the infant demonstrating?
An infant repeatedly drops different objects from their high chair, observing how each one falls. According to Piaget, what type of circular reaction is the infant demonstrating?
A child watches another child throw a temper tantrum, even though they themselves have never thrown one. The next day, the child throws their first tantrum. According to Piaget, what concept does this scenario illustrate?
A child watches another child throw a temper tantrum, even though they themselves have never thrown one. The next day, the child throws their first tantrum. According to Piaget, what concept does this scenario illustrate?
Which of the following real-world examples best demonstrates the concept of 'A-not-B error' in Piaget's theory?
Which of the following real-world examples best demonstrates the concept of 'A-not-B error' in Piaget's theory?
A child uses a toy block to represent a car, pushing it around and making car noises. According to Piaget, which cognitive ability is the child demonstrating during the symbolic function substage?
A child uses a toy block to represent a car, pushing it around and making car noises. According to Piaget, which cognitive ability is the child demonstrating during the symbolic function substage?
A preoperational child is shown a picture of a dog from a side view. When asked what the picture shows, the child states that it cannot be a dog because it doesn't have a nose. This demonstrates which concept?
A preoperational child is shown a picture of a dog from a side view. When asked what the picture shows, the child states that it cannot be a dog because it doesn't have a nose. This demonstrates which concept?
A child in the intuitive thought substage is asked why it rains. The child responds, 'To water the flowers.' According to Piaget, what cognitive characteristic does this answer exemplify?
A child in the intuitive thought substage is asked why it rains. The child responds, 'To water the flowers.' According to Piaget, what cognitive characteristic does this answer exemplify?
Which of the following is the most accurate explanation of conservation in Piaget's theory?
Which of the following is the most accurate explanation of conservation in Piaget's theory?
A child is able to arrange objects in a specific order, such as from smallest to largest. According to Piaget, which cognitive operation is the child demonstrating?
A child is able to arrange objects in a specific order, such as from smallest to largest. According to Piaget, which cognitive operation is the child demonstrating?
A concrete operational child is presented with a set of blocks: 5 are red and 3 are blue. When asked, 'Are there more red blocks or more blocks?' the child correctly answers, 'More blocks.' This demonstrates what?
A concrete operational child is presented with a set of blocks: 5 are red and 3 are blue. When asked, 'Are there more red blocks or more blocks?' the child correctly answers, 'More blocks.' This demonstrates what?
A teenager is able to systematically test different solutions to fix a malfunctioning bicycle. According to Piaget, what stage of cognitive development allows for this type of problem-solving?
A teenager is able to systematically test different solutions to fix a malfunctioning bicycle. According to Piaget, what stage of cognitive development allows for this type of problem-solving?
A teenager decides to dye their hair an outlandish color, convinced that everyone will be staring at them and judging their appearance. This is an example of:
A teenager decides to dye their hair an outlandish color, convinced that everyone will be staring at them and judging their appearance. This is an example of:
A teenager believes they are immune to the risks associated with drunk driving because 'that only happens to other people'. According to Elkind, this is an example of:
A teenager believes they are immune to the risks associated with drunk driving because 'that only happens to other people'. According to Elkind, this is an example of:
Which of the following scenarios exemplifies the concept of scaffolding, as described by Vygotsky?
Which of the following scenarios exemplifies the concept of scaffolding, as described by Vygotsky?
A young child is learning to tie their shoes and talks themselves through each step out loud. As they become more proficient, they begin to whisper the instructions, and eventually, they can tie their shoes silently. According to Vygotsky, this progression best illustrates:
A young child is learning to tie their shoes and talks themselves through each step out loud. As they become more proficient, they begin to whisper the instructions, and eventually, they can tie their shoes silently. According to Vygotsky, this progression best illustrates:
Which of the following best exemplifies postformal thought in adulthood?
Which of the following best exemplifies postformal thought in adulthood?
In the context of memory, what is the function of consolidation?
In the context of memory, what is the function of consolidation?
Which of the following factors contributes significantly to the improvement of memory skills throughout childhood?
Which of the following factors contributes significantly to the improvement of memory skills throughout childhood?
Flashcards
Assimilation
Assimilation
Integrating new information into existing cognitive frameworks (schemas).
Accommodation
Accommodation
Modifying existing schemas to fit new information.
Schemes
Schemes
Organized ways of making sense of experience that change with age.
Sensorimotor Stage
Sensorimotor Stage
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Reflexive Schemes
Reflexive Schemes
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Primary Circular Reactions
Primary Circular Reactions
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Secondary Circular Reactions
Secondary Circular Reactions
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Coordination of Secondary Circular Reactions
Coordination of Secondary Circular Reactions
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Tertiary Circular Reactions
Tertiary Circular Reactions
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Mental Representation
Mental Representation
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A not B error
A not B error
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Preoperational Stage
Preoperational Stage
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Symbolic Function Substage
Symbolic Function Substage
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Egocentrism
Egocentrism
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Intuitive Thought Substage
Intuitive Thought Substage
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Major Task - Conservation
Major Task - Conservation
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Concrete Operational Stage
Concrete Operational Stage
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Classification
Classification
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Class Inclusion
Class Inclusion
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Formal Operational Stage
Formal Operational Stage
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Hypothetical-Deductive Reasoning
Hypothetical-Deductive Reasoning
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Imaginary Audience
Imaginary Audience
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Personal Fable
Personal Fable
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Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)
Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)
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Scaffolding
Scaffolding
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Private vs. Inner Speech
Private vs. Inner Speech
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Post-formal Thought
Post-formal Thought
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Sensory Memory
Sensory Memory
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Short-Term Memory
Short-Term Memory
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Long-Term Memory
Long-Term Memory
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Explicit Memory (Declarative)
Explicit Memory (Declarative)
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Implicit Memory (Non-Declarative)
Implicit Memory (Non-Declarative)
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Free Recall
Free Recall
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Cued Recall
Cued Recall
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Recognition
Recognition
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Hippocampus
Hippocampus
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Anterograde Amnesia
Anterograde Amnesia
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Retrograde Amnesia
Retrograde Amnesia
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Infantile Amnesia
Infantile Amnesia
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Tip-of-the-Tongue (TOT) Phenomenon
Tip-of-the-Tongue (TOT) Phenomenon
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Classical Conditioning
Classical Conditioning
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Operant Conditioning
Operant Conditioning
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Social Learning Theory
Social Learning Theory
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Habituation
Habituation
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Infant Operant Conditioning
Infant Operant Conditioning
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Deferred Imitation
Deferred Imitation
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Metacognition / Metamemory
Metacognition / Metamemory
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Expertise
Expertise
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Mental Age (MA)
Mental Age (MA)
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Chronological Age (CA)
Chronological Age (CA)
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IQ (Intelligence Quotient)
IQ (Intelligence Quotient)
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Intellectual Disability
Intellectual Disability
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Wechsler Intelligence Scales
Wechsler Intelligence Scales
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Flynn Effect
Flynn Effect
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Sternberg's Triarchic Theory
Sternberg's Triarchic Theory
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Gardner's Multiple Intelligences
Gardner's Multiple Intelligences
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Creativity
Creativity
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Emotional Intelligence (EQ)
Emotional Intelligence (EQ)
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Crystallized Intelligence
Crystallized Intelligence
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Fluid Intelligence
Fluid Intelligence
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Language Acquisition Device (LAD)
Language Acquisition Device (LAD)
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Broca's Area
Broca's Area
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Wernicke's Area
Wernicke's Area
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Phonology
Phonology
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Morphology
Morphology
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Whole Language Approach
Whole Language Approach
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Phonics Approach
Phonics Approach
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Overextension
Overextension
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Underextension
Underextension
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Overregulation
Overregulation
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Child-directed speech
Child-directed speech
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Telegraphic speech
Telegraphic speech
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Study Notes
Assimilation
- Integrating new information into existing cognitive frameworks (schemas).
Accommodation
- Modifying existing schemas to fit new information.
Schemes
- Organized ways of making sense of experience that change with age.
Sensorimotor Stage
- From birth to 2 years.
- Involves six substages: reflexive schemes, primary circular reactions, secondary circular reactions, coordination of secondary circular reactions, tertiary circular reactions, novelty and curiosity, and internalization of schemes.
Reflexive Schemes
- From birth to 1 month, involving involuntary reflexes.
- Includes rooting, sucking, and grasping reflexes.
Primary Circular Reactions
- From 1-4 months, involving repeated actions focused on the infant's own body.
- Repeating a sensation discovered by chance, and accommodating it to differentiate (e.g., sucking a thumb differently than a nipple).
Secondary Circular Reactions
- From 4-8 months, involving repeated actions focused on external objects.
- Cooing to make a person stay and then cooing again as they start to leave are examples.
Coordination of Secondary Circular Reactions
- From 8-12 months, intentional behavior emerges.
- An example would be manipulating a stick to bring a toy within reach.
Tertiary Circular Reactions
- From 12-18 months, exploration occurs through trial and error.
- A block can be made to fall, spin, hit something, or slide across the ground in this phase.
Mental Representation
- From18-24 months, the ability to hold images in mind develops.
- An infant sees a playmate throw a temper tantrum, retains a memory of the event, and then throws one themselves the next day.
A not B error
- The tendency to look for an object in its original/familiar hiding place rather than a new location, as they progress into substage 4.
Preoperational Stage
- From 2-7 years.
Symbolic Function Substage
- From 2-4 years, the ability to use symbols to represent objects (e.g., pretend play) develops.
Egocentrism
- Difficulty seeing from another's perspective (e.g., three-mountain task).
Intuitive Thought Substage
- Primitive reasoning occurs, along with asking many 'why' questions, from 4-7 years.
Major Task - Conservation
- Understanding that quantity remains the same despite changes in shape.
Concrete Operational Stage
- From 7-11 years of age.
Classification
- The ability to sort objects into categories.
Class Inclusion
- Understanding that some categories are subsets of larger ones.
Formal Operational Stage
- From 11+ years of age.
Hypothetical-Deductive Reasoning
- Ability to think scientifically and test hypotheses systematically.
Imaginary Audience
- Belief that others are constantly watching them.
Personal Fable
- Belief in one's uniqueness and invincibility.
Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)
- Range of tasks a child can perform with guidance but not alone.
Scaffolding
- Temporary support to help a child master a task.
- Starting with hitting on a tee with some instruction from a coach, then coach pitch, then kid pitch.
Private vs. Inner Speech
- Self-directed speech is used for problem-solving and later becomes internalized.
Post-formal Thought
- Recognition that truth is not absolute and involves contradictions and relativism.
Sensory Memory
- Brief storage of sensory information takes place here.
Short-Term Memory
- Temporary storage occurs, with a capacity of about 7 items.
Long-Term Memory
- Permanent storage, including explicit and implicit memory, takes place here.
Explicit Memory (Declarative)
- Conscious recall (e.g., facts, events) occurs.
- This includes episodic and semantic memories.
Implicit Memory (Non-Declarative)
- Unconscious skills are stored here (e.g., riding a bike).
- These skills involve priming, and classical conditioning/habituation.
Free Recall
- Retrieving information without cues.
Cued Recall
- Retrieving information with hints.
- For example asking "What are the FOUR stages of the Cog. Dev. Theory by Piaget?"
Recognition
- Correctly identifying information based on options (multiple choice).
Hippocampus
- Brain area important for encoding new memories.
- When damaged, new episodic memory creation is significantly impaired.
Anterograde Amnesia
- Inability to form new memories.
Retrograde Amnesia
- Inability to recall past memories from before the incident.
Infantile Amnesia
- Inability to recall early childhood memories.
Tip-of-the-Tongue (TOT) Phenomenon
- Temporary inability to recall a word in older adults (seems familiar but can't put a word to it).
Classical Conditioning
- Learning through association (e.g., Pavlov's dogs).
Operant Conditioning
- Learning through reinforcement and punishment with both positive and negative consequences and rewards (Skinner).
Social Learning Theory
- Learning by observing the behavior of other people (called models).
Habituation
- Decreased response to repeated stimuli.
- Shown in newborns.
Infant Operant Conditioning
- Rovee-Collier's mobile studies showed infants remember associations.
- Infants remember best when there are repeated exposures to what they are to remember and when plenty of cues are given to help them remember.
- Early memories are cue-dependent and context-specific​.
Deferred Imitation
- The ability to imitate a novel act after a delay, which clearly requires memory ability.
- This is seen as early as 3 months and is clearly present at 6 months.
- Seems to represent an early form of explicit or declarative memory.
Metacognition / Metamemory
- Knowledge of the human mind and of the range of cognitive processes.
- AND knowledge of memory and the process of memory.
Expertise
- Experts know more than novices.
- They have a more organized knowledge base and use their knowledge and the specialized strategies.
- Experts do not need to think much.
Mental Age (MA)
- A measure of intelligence based on the age at which a person performs compared to others at their age/CA.
Chronological Age (CA)
- The actual age of a person in years.
IQ (Intelligence Quotient)
- MA divided by CA x 100.
- Standardized score where the average is 100.
Intellectual Disability
- Below-average cognitive ability with adaptive limitations.
- IQ of 70 and below.
Wechsler Intelligence Scales
- WISC is for children ages 6-16.
- WAIS is for adults.
- WPPSI is for preschool ages 2.5-7.
Flynn Effect
- Rising average IQ scores over generations
- Due to better living conditions/nutrition and better-educated children.
Sternberg's Triarchic Theory
- Analytical, Creative, and Practical Intelligence.
Gardner's Multiple Intelligences
- There are eight distinct types (e.g., linguistic, spatial, musical).
Creativity
- The ability to think about something in novel and unusual ways and to come up with unique, good solutions to problems.
- Linked to mental health issues.
Emotional Intelligence (EQ)
- Focuses on interpersonal, intrapersonal, and practical aspects of successful functioning.
- Many people with gifted and genius IQ work for those with average intelligence.
- EQ is the 3rd best predictor of academic performance.
Crystallized Intelligence
- Accumulated knowledge you can recall as needed, improves with age through schooling and other life experiences.
Fluid Intelligence
- Problem-solving skills, declines with age.
- This is the ability to learn, assess, and navigate new situations.
Language Acquisition Device (LAD)
- Noam Chomsky's concept for innate language learning ability.
- Children are born with an endowment that enables detection of certain features and rules of language, including phonology, syntax, and semantics.
- Theoretical, not physical.
Broca's Area
- Located in the left frontal lobe near the temporal area.
- Broca's aphasia results in difficulty in the production of words.
Wernicke's Area
- Located in the left temporal lobe near the occipital area.
- Wernicke's aphasia results in difficulty with language comprehension & "word salad".
Phonology
- The sound system of the language, including sounds and combinations.
Morphology
- Units of meaning involved in word formation.
Whole Language Approach
- Recognize whole words and use context to guess meanings.
Phonics Approach
- Basic rules for translating written symbols into sounds.
Overextension
- Applying a word to objects that are incorrect for the word's meaning.
- A kid has a cat with a tail and 4 legs, sees a skunk with 4 legs and a tail, and calls it a cat.
Underextension
- Applying a word too narrowly.
- Only their cat is a cat, no other cats are.
Overregulation
- Extending rules to irregular cases.
- "Goed" instead of went, "mice" and "mouses".
Child-directed speech
- Language spoken in a higher pitch with simple words and sentences.
Why preoperational children fail conservation tasks
- Centration and irreversibility of thought.
Criticism of Piaget/4 main stages of development
- Baillargeon's Possible and Impossible Events show that infants may have object permanence earlier than Piaget suggested.
What parts of the memory system work into working/short-term memory?
- Central executive, phonological loop, episodic buffer, visual-spatial sketchpad, and sensory register/attention.
How working memory turns into long term
- Consolidation.
Why/How memory increases through childhood
- Changes in basic capacities occur.
- Changes in memory strategies take place.
- Increased knowledge about memory develops.
- Increased knowledge about the world (knowledge base) occurs.
- Increased use and accuracy of memory scripts forms.
Giftedness
- IQ of 130 and above.
- Not linked to mental disorders.
- Genius is an IQ of 145+.
Spatial Intelligence
- Visualizing the world in 3D.
Naturalistic Intelligence
- Understanding and reading nature.
Musical Intelligence
- Discerning sounds, their pitch, tone, rhythm, and timbre.
Logical Mathematical Intelligence
- Quantifying things, making hypotheses, and proving them.
Existential Intelligence
- Tackling the questions of why we live and why we die.
- Examples include philosophy/Plato.
Interpersonal
- Sensing people's feelings and motives.
- People pleasers/get along with everyone.
Bodily Kinesthetic
- Coordinating your mind with your body.
- An example of this is a "freak athlete".
Linguistic Intelligence
- Finding the right words to express what you mean.
Intrapersonal
- Understanding yourself, what you feel, and what you want.
Language
- A form of communication, whether spoken, written, or signed, based on a system of symbols.
- Consists of the words used by a community and the rules for varying and combining them.
Stanford Binet 5 Test
- Assesses fluid reasoning, knowledge, quantitative reasoning, visual-spatial reasoning, and working memory.
- Scored by comparing one's performance with results of others of the same age.
- Normal distribution: a symmetrical, bell-shaped curve with a majority of cases falling in the middle of the possible range.
- One of the most widely used individual tests of intelligence.
Phoneme
- The basic unit of sound.
Morpheme
- In language, the smallest unit that carries meaning.
Birth Milestone (Language)
- Crying.
2-4 month language milestone
- Cooing.
5 months language milestone
- Understands first word.
6 months language milestones
- Babbling.
7-11 month language milestones
- Change from universal linguist to language-specific listener.
8-12 months language milestones
- Uses gestures (showing/pointing), comprehension of words appear.
13 months language milestones
- First words spoken.
18 months language milestone
- Vocabulary spurt.
18-24 month language development
- Two-word utterances, rapid expansion of understanding of words (me, mine, I).
Telegraphic speech
- Use of short and precise words without grammatical markers.
- "Mommy give Tommy ice cream".
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Description
Understanding assimilation and accommodation in Piaget's theory. Includes sensorimotor stage, reflexive schemes, primary and secondary circular reactions. Learn how infants develop cognitive abilities.
