Piaget's Cognitive Development Stages

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary characteristic of the preoperational stage of cognitive development?

Children think about objects and events beyond their immediate view (correct)

Children rely solely on sensory experiences

Children are unable to think about any abstract concepts

Children reason logically in adult-like ways

During what type of period do environmental conditions have a notably strong influence on a child's development?

Sociocognitive conflict period

Cognitive apprenticeship period

Maturation period

Sensitive period (correct)

Which term describes a mentorship where an expert guides a novice on challenging tasks?

Cognitive apprenticeship (correct)

Mediated learning experience

Sociocognitive conflict

Disequilibrium

What is the process of adjusting existing schemes or creating new ones to handle new experiences called?

Accommodation Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of sociocognitive conflict refer to?

An inconsistency between one's ideas and differing viewpoints Signup and view all the answers

In the context of cognitive development, what does myelination enable?

Faster transmission of electrical impulses Signup and view all the answers

Which theory emphasizes the role of societal and cultural contexts in learning and development?

Sociocultural theory Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the state of disequilibrium in cognitive development?

Inability to address new events with existing schemes Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of a conditioned stimulus in classical conditioning?

To begin eliciting a response after being paired with an unconditioned stimulus. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes primary reinforcers?

Consequences that are inherently satisfying a biological or psychological need. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of punishment in behavior modification?

To decrease the frequency of the behavior it follows. Signup and view all the answers

Discrimination in learning refers to what phenomenon?

The ability to recognize and respond differently to different stimuli. Signup and view all the answers

What does a ratio schedule of reinforcement involve?

Reinforcement is provided after a specific number of responses has occurred. Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of setting events in behavior analysis?

Environmental conditions that are likely to stimulate certain behaviors. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes secondary reinforcers from primary reinforcers?

Secondary reinforcers gain value through association with primary reinforcers. Signup and view all the answers

In a group contingency situation, what must occur for reinforcement to be obtained?

All group members must engage in the specified response first. Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of comprehension monitoring?

To verify understanding and memory of new information Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes self-regulated learning?

Regulation of one's own cognitive processes and study behaviors Signup and view all the answers

What are distal goals?

Long-term goals hoped to be reached over time Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'illusion of knowing' refer to?

Believing one knows something that they do not actually understand Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes effortful control?

General ability to inhibit impulses for productive actions Signup and view all the answers

What does self-evaluation involve?

Judging one's own performance or behavior Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a heuristic?

A general problem-solving strategy that may not always work Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes a learning strategy that is purely mental and unobservable?

Covert strategies Signup and view all the answers

What best characterizes high functioning autism?

Normal language skills and average to above-average intelligence. Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'baseline' refer to in behavioral analysis?

The initial frequency of a response before reinforcement. Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of negative reinforcement?

It increases a behavior through the removal of a stimulus. Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of 'behavioral momentum' refer to?

The tendency to maintain behaviors after similar responses. Signup and view all the answers

What does response cost involve?

Loss of a previously earned reinforcer. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of effective teachers according to the content?

To facilitate the mastery of information and skills by students. Signup and view all the answers

In applied behavior analysis, what is the primary goal?

To apply behaviorist principles to modify behavior. Signup and view all the answers

What is an antecedent response?

A response that cues another subsequent response. Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the strategies Anne Smith implemented to improve student engagement?

Requiring students to earn at least a C to pass. Signup and view all the answers

What defines intellectual disability?

Significantly below-average intelligence and adaptive behavior deficits. Signup and view all the answers

According to the highlights, what misconception about brain function is noted?

The distinction between left-brain and right-brain thinking is largely inaccurate. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT listed as an effective teaching practice?

Employ competitive teaching strategies. Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of teacher preparation is emphasized in the content?

Gaining expertise as a teacher through continual learning. Signup and view all the answers

How does educational psychology support teachers in the classroom?

By helping them understand and engage students effectively. Signup and view all the answers

What is a benefit of allowing multiple revisions of assignments as outlined in the case study?

It leads to improved writing quality. Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT included in effective teaching practices according to the content?

Assessing students against national standards. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development

The preoperational stage is Piaget's second stage of cognitive development, where children aged 2-7 can think beyond their immediate surroundings but lack logical reasoning.

Sensitive Periods

These are periods in a child's development where environmental factors significantly influence specific aspects of their development.

Sociocognitive Conflict

This describes situations where individuals encounter differing ideas and viewpoints, prompting them to grapple with inconsistencies between their own beliefs and others'.

Cognitive Apprenticeship

An expert mentors a novice in a challenging task, providing guidance on thinking about the task through a collaborative process.

Mediated Learning Experience

An adult guides a child in making sense of an event they are experiencing together, fostering deeper understanding.

Myelination

The growth of a fatty sheath, called myelin, around neuron axons. This speeds up transmission of electrical signals, enhancing brain function.

Bioecological Systems Theory

This theory emphasizes the interplay between a child's environment, including social and cultural settings, as factors shaping their development.

Accommodation (Piaget)

The process of adapting to new objects or events by adjusting existing mental schemes or forming entirely new ones.

Disequilibrium (Piaget)

A state where existing mental structures cannot address new experiences, resulting in cognitive discomfort.

Neo-Piagetian Theories

These theories integrate elements of Piaget's ideas with contemporary research and theories, suggesting that development in specific domains often follows a stage-like progression.

Maturation

The gradual development of advanced physical and neurological capabilities throughout childhood and adolescence, guided by genetic factors.

Neurons

Nerve cells responsible for transmitting information between different parts of the nervous system.

Cortex

The outer layer of the brain, responsible for complex, conscious thinking processes.

Sociocultural Theory

This theory highlights the crucial roles of society and culture in fostering learning and development.

High Functioning Autism

A milder form of Autism Spectrum Disorder characterized by normal language skills and average to above-average intelligence.

Inclusion

Educational practices that advocate for educating all students, including those with disabilities, within mainstream schools and classrooms.

Intellectual Disability

A disability marked by significantly below-average intelligence and adaptive behavior deficits, first becoming apparent in early childhood.

Antecedent Responses

Responses that influence the likelihood of subsequent behaviors occurring.

Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA)

The systematic application of behavioral principles in educational and therapeutic settings.

Negative reinforcement

A consequence that increases the frequency of a behavior by removing an aversive stimulus.

Behavioral Momentum

The increased tendency for a learner to repeat a specific response after engaging in similar responses.

Presentation Punishment

A form of punishment involving the introduction of a stimulus, presumably unpleasant, to decrease the likelihood of a behavior.

Interval Schedule of Reinforcement

A consequence or stimulus is presented after a specific period of time has elapsed, following the desired behavior, to increase its frequency.

Situated Learning

The acquisition of knowledge, skills, and thinking within specific contexts, with limited transfer to other settings, often relying on physical or social support mechanisms.

Response Cost

The loss of previously earned reinforcers or opportunities to obtain reinforcement as a consequence of undesirable behavior.

Operant Conditioning

A learning process where a response increases in frequency due to the delivery of a reinforcer after it occurs.

Functional Analysis

Assessing inappropriate behaviors by examining their antecedents and consequences to understand the purpose or function they serve for the learner.

Conditioned Response (CR)

A response learned through classical conditioning, elicited by a conditioned stimulus after being paired with an unconditioned stimulus.

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

A stimulus that, through classical conditioning, acquires the ability to elicit a conditioned response after being repeatedly paired with an unconditioned stimulus.

Punishment

A consequence that reduces the frequency of the behavior it follows.

Secondary Reinforcers

Consequences that gain reinforcing power through their association with other, established reinforcers.

Psychological Punishment

Consequences that threaten an individual's self-esteem and overall wellbeing.

Stimuli (S)

Specific objects or events that influence learning or behavior.

Unconditioned Response (UCR)

A response naturally elicited by an unconditioned stimulus without prior learning.

Primary Reinforcers

Consequences that satisfy biological or psychological needs.

Extrinsic Reinforcers

Reinforcers that originate from external sources rather than from within the learner.

Ratio Schedule of Reinforcement

A consequence or stimulus is presented after a certain number of responses have occurred, to increase the behavior's frequency.

Contiguity

The occurrence of two or more events (e.g., stimuli, a stimulus and a response) in close proximity to each other (temporally).

Setting Event

Complex environmental conditions that often trigger specific voluntary behaviors.

Multi-Tiered System of Support (MTSS)

A systematic, school-wide approach that provides support and intervention for students facing academic and/or behavioral challenges. It consists of multiple levels of support, with students moving between them based on their needs.

Discrimination

The phenomenon where a student learns that a response is reinforced in the presence of one specific stimulus, but not in the presence of another, similar stimulus.

Group Contingency

A situation where all members of a group must complete a specific response before reinforcement is delivered.

Comprehension Monitoring

The process of actively checking one's understanding and memory of newly acquired information.

Self-Regulated Learning

The intentional regulation of one's own cognitive processes and study behaviors to enhance learning.

Distal Goals

Long-term goals that learners aim to achieve over an extended period of time.

Self-Regulated Behavior

Behavior that learners initiate and control to achieve personally set standards and goals.

Heuristic

A general problem-solving strategy, although it may not consistently yield a viable solution.

Illusion of Knowing

The misconception of knowing something when one doesn't actually have the necessary knowledge.

Effortful Control

The ability to suppress immediate impulses to think and act productively. It is believed to be a distinct aspect of temperament with biological roots in the brain.

Covert Strategies

Learning strategies that are solely mental (rather than observable physical actions), making them invisible to others.

Learning Strategy

Cognitive processes intentionally utilized for a particular learning task.

Co-regulated learning

A shared responsibility between adults and children for guiding the child's learning. It can also involve collaborative learning where peers support each other's progress.

Critical Thinking

Evaluating the accuracy, credibility, and worth of information and reasoning.

Negative Transfer

When prior learning interferes with subsequent learning or performance.

Self-evaluation

Judging one's own performance or behavior.

Self-Explanation

The act of verbalizing material being read or studied to oneself to improve comprehension.

Self-imposed contingencies

Self-administered reinforcement or punishment following a behavior.

Refutation Texts

Educational materials that identify common misconceptions, present evidence to refute them, and explain the correct information clearly.

Self-questioning

Asking oneself questions to assess understanding of a topic.

Mental Set

The tendency to frame a problem in a way that hinders potential solutions.

Action Research

A systematic method where teachers study and improve their instructional practices.

Effective Teaching Practices

Effective teaching involves not just presenting information, but motivating students, guiding them towards authentic learning, and assessing their progress.

Educational Psychology

Educational Psychology helps teachers understand children and adolescents, their development and learning processes, and how to engage them effectively in the classroom.

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Description

Explore the key concepts of Piaget's stages of cognitive development, including the preoperational stage, sensitive periods, and the impact of sociocognitive conflict. This quiz covers essential theories related to learning and cognitive growth in children.