Physiology Study Basics

Thought for the Day

• Students were asked if they thought whales communicate
• Students were asked what they would say to humans if they were a whale
• Introductions, name, accomplishments, failures, and whether they are taking the course were discussed

A Giant Redwood, Was Just a "Nut"

• A picture of hands planting a redwood tree seedling was shown
• A picture of three children standing in Redwood forest archway was shown

Surprise TEST!!!!

• Students were instructed to write down everything they know about anatomy and physiology
• The name and date of the course were to be included in their answers
• Students had 10 minutes to complete this
• Lab safety information was presented
• A BPT test was scheduled for that day

Go over syllabus

• No specific information was provided, just a general instruction to review the syllabus

Why is the study of human anatomy and physiology critical to your everyday life?

• Developing understanding of how the body works under normal conditions
• It serves as a foundation for other life sciences
• Useful in knowing what is happening when you or a friend is ill
• All of the above are correct

Anatomy

• Describes the structures of the body
• Includes what they are made of
• Details where they are located
• Explains associated structures

Physiology

• The study of functions.
• How things work
• Functions of anatomical structures
• Individual actions and cooperative functions

Learning Outcomes: Describe various specialties of each discipline

• Gross anatomy, also termed macroscopic anatomy, examines large, visible structures.
• Surface anatomy: exterior features
• Regional anatomy — examines body areas
• Systemic anatomy — groups of organs working together
• Developmental anatomy – from conception to death.
• Clinical anatomy – medical specialties
• Microscopic anatomy examines cells and molecules
• Cytology: the study of cells and the structures they have
• Histology: the study of tissues and their structures.

Learning Outcomes: Identify the major levels of organization in organisms

• Identify the major levels of organization in organisms, from simplest to most complex
• Identify the key components of each organ system

Organ System Level

• Diagrams of the human body with organs shown were presented
• Diagrams detailing the heart and cardiovascular system were presented
• Diagrams showing the relationship between the different levels of organization were shown

The Chemical Level

• Atoms are the smallest chemical units
• Molecules are a group of atoms bonded together

The Cellular Level

• Cells are a group of atoms, molecules, and organelles working together

The Tissue Level

• Tissues are a group of similar cells working together

The Organ Level

• An organ is a group of different tissues working together

The Organ System Level

• Organ systems are a group of organs that work together
• Humans have 11 organ systems

Covered in AP II - Organ System Level (diagrams given)

• Lymphoid system
• Respiratory system
• Digestive system
• Urinary system
• Reproductive system

The Organism Level

• A human is an organism

Integumentary System

• Major organs: skin, hair, sweat glands, nails
• Functions: protects from environmental hazards, regulates body temperature, and provides sensory information

Skeletal System

• Major organs: bones, cartilages, associated ligaments, bone marrow
• Functions: provides support and protection for other tissues, stores minerals, forms blood cells

Muscular System

• Major organs: skeletal muscles and associated tendons
• Functions: provides movement, protection, and support for other tissues, generates heat

Nervous System

• Major organs: brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, sense organs
• Functions: directs immediate responses, coordinates or moderates activities, provides information, interprets sensory conditions

Endocrine System

• Major organs: pituitary gland, thyroid gland, pancreas, suprarenal glands, gonads (testes and ovaries), endocrine tissues in other systems
• Functions: directs long-term changes, adjusts metabolic activity and energy use, controls changes during development

Cardiovascular System

• Major organs: heart, blood, blood vessels
• Functions: distributes blood cells, water, materials, waste, nutrients, oxygen, carbon dioxide, distributes heat

Lymphoid System

• Major organs: spleen, thymus, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, tonsils
• Functions: defends against infection and disease, returns tissue fluids to the bloodstream

Respiratory System

• Major organs: nasal cavities, sinuses, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, alveoli
• Functions: delivers air to alveoli, provides oxygen to the bloodstream, removes carbon dioxide from the bloodstream, produces sounds

Digestive System

• Major organs: teeth, tongue, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, gallbladder, pancreas
• Functions: processes and digests food, absorbs nutrients, conserves water, absorbs nutrients, and stores energy reserves

Urinary System

• Major organs: kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
• Functions: excretes waste products, controls water balance, regulates urine production, stores urine, and regulates blood ion concentrations and Ph

Male Reproductive System

• Major organs: testes, epididymides, ductus deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, penis, scrotum
• Functions: produces male sex cells, suspends fluids, and produces hormones. Sexual intercourse

Female Reproductive System

• Major organs: ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, labia, clitoris, mammary glands
• Functions: produces female sex cells, produces hormones, supports developing embryo, nourishes newborn infant

Which of these indicates the levels of organization from simplest to most complex?

• Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organismal

Why is it important to study each level of structural organization?

• Organization at each level determines structural characteristics of higher levels, and the functions of higher levels

Group Activities and Group Fun

• Group activities: various groups were given different tasks.
  • Group 1 named 12 major organ systems, major components and functions of each system (from textbook pages 10 and 11)
  • Group 2 explained the concept of homeostasis with examples (from page 12)
  • Group 3 described how negative feedback is involved in homeostatic regulation (pages 14 and 15).
  • Group 4 described how positive feedback is involved in homeostatic regulation (pages 14 and 15)
  • Group 5 used anatomical terms to describe body sections, body regions, and relative positions (pages 17-21, lab activity)
• Group fun: 20 minutes of activities were assigned

Homeostasis

• Homeostasis: all body systems working together to maintain a stable internal environment
• Systems respond to external and internal changes to function within a normal range (e.g., body temperature, fluid balance)

Homeostasis is

• The body maintaining conditions in the cell or within the body that maintain life

If homeostasis is disrupted?

• The results are sickness, disease or abnormalities

Two types of extrinsic control mechanisms

• Negative feedback and positive feedback

Negative Feedback

• A regulatory mechanism where a change in a controlled variable triggers a response that opposes the change
• Results in maintaining a steady set point

Positive Feedback

• The opposite of negative feedback
• The action of the effector amplifies the changes first stimulated the effector.
• There are no antagonistic factors

Negative feedback mechanisms: Steps

• Order of events for an example (temperature)
  • The receptor detects a deviation
  • The control center processes information and sends signals
  • The effector carries out the instruction

Negative feedback: Explanation

• The activity of the effectors is influenced by the effects they produce, it is a "negative," or reverse, or opposite direction within the control system.

Positive Feedback (example, giving birth)

• The actions of the effectors amplify the changes that initially stimulated them
• It works to move the conditions further away from homeostatic levels
• Prolonged positive feedback is typically detrimental and usually pathogenic

Why is homeostatic regulation important?

• It allows individual organ systems to control the body
• Individual cells tolerate a large range of proper conditions
• Systems function normally only under controlled conditions
• It provides a framework for studying human physiology

What happens when homeostasis breaks down?

• Disease
• Organ system malfunction
• Death.

Anatomical Terms, body cavities

• Use anatomical terms to describe body sections, body regions and their relative positions
• Identify major body cavities, subdivisions and and functions of each

Serous Membranes

• Lines the walls of body cavities
• Covers viscera in some cavities
• Visceral layer covers the organ
• Parietal layer the layer outside the organ

This quiz covers foundational concepts in physiology including the distinction between anatomy and physiology, the importance of understanding these fields, and key mechanisms like negative feedback loops. Students will assess their comprehension of course outcomes and topics relevant to physiological studies.