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Thought for the Day. Do You think Introductions Whales Communicate? Name Achievement Failure If you were a YRU tkn this class? whale, What would yo...

Thought for the Day. Do You think Introductions Whales Communicate? Name Achievement Failure If you were a YRU tkn this class? whale, What would you say to the Human Race? 01/24/2025 Anatomy & Physiology I 1 A Giant Redwood, Was Just a “Nut” Who stood her ground 01/24/2025 Anatomy & Physiology I 3  Surprise TEST!!!! Write down everything you know about anatomy & physiology name and date. 10 minutes. Lab Safety BPT test today 01/24/2025 Anatomy & Physiology I 4  Go over syllabus 01/24/2025 Anatomy & Physiology I 5  Be able to answer; Why is the study of human anatomy and physiology critical to your everyday life? 1. Developing 2. It serves as a understanding of foundation for other how the body works life sciences under normal conditions 3. Useful in knowing what 4. All of the above are is happening when you correct or a friend is ill 01/24/2025 Anatomy & Physiology I 6  Anatomy Physiology is the describes the study of structures of functions, How things work. the body Functions of What they are made anatomical structures of Individual and Where they are cooperative functions located Associated structures 01/24/2025 Anatomy & Physiology I 7  Learning Outcomes Describe various specialties of each Microscopic discipline. Gross anatomy, or macroscopic anatomy, anatomy examines examines large, visible cells and molecules structures Cytology: study of Surface anatomy: exterior features cells and their Regional anatomy: body structures areas Systemic anatomy: groups of cyt- = cell organs working together Histology: study of Developmental anatomy: from conception to death tissues and their Clinical anatomy: medical structures specialties 01/24/2025 Anatomy & Physiology I 8  Cell physiology: processes within and between cells Organ physiology: functions of specific organs Systemic physiology: functions of an organ system Pathological physiology: effects of diseases 01/24/2025 Anatomy & Physiology I 9  Learning Outcomes Identify the major levels of organization in organisms, from the simplest to the most complex, and identify major components of each organ system. 01/24/2025 Anatomy & Physiology I 10 LE 1-1 Organism Level Organ System Level (Chapters 5-29) Cardiovascular Lymphoid Endocrine Nervous Respiratory Muscular Digestive Skeletal Urinary Integumentary Reproductive The heart Organ Level Atoms in Cardiac combination muscle tissue Chemical or Molecular Levels Tissue Level (Chapter 2) Heart muscle cell (Chapter 4) Protein filaments Complex protein molecule Cellular Level (Chapter 3) Organismal Organ system level Organ Tissue Cellular Chemical 12  Organization in organisms The Chemical (or The Cellular Level Molecular) Level Cells are a group of Atoms are the atoms, molecules, and smallest chemical organelles working units together Molecules are a group of atoms working together 01/24/2025 Anatomy & Physiology I 13  The Tissue Level The Organ Level Tissues are a group of An organ is a group of similar cells working different tissues together working together The scanning electron microscope image (above left) shows delicate lung epithelial tissue in vitro being studied for the effects of sustained-release therapeutic drug particles. PHOTO COURTESY JENNIFER FIEGEL AND JUSTIN HANES, DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL AND BIOMOLECULAR ENGINEERING, JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY 01/24/2025 Anatomy & Physiology I 14  The Organ System Level Organ systems are a group of organs working together Humans have 11 organ systems 01/24/2025 Anatomy & Physiology I 15  Covered in AP II 01/24/2025 Anatomy & Physiology I 16  The Human League are an English synthpop band formed in 1977. Originally a minimal post-punk synthesiser-based group from Sheffield, UK, they became one of the most successful new wave acts of the 80s. The only consistent band member is vocalist and songwriter Phil Oakey. 01/24/2025 Anatomy & Physiology I 17 01/24/2025 Anatomy & Physiology I 18 01/24/2025 Anatomy & Physiology I 19 01/24/2025 Anatomy & Physiology I 20 01/24/2025 Anatomy & Physiology I 21 01/24/2025 Anatomy & Physiology I 22 01/24/2025 Anatomy & Physiology I 23 01/24/2025 Anatomy & Physiology I 24 01/24/2025 Anatomy & Physiology I 25 01/24/2025 Anatomy & Physiology I 26 01/24/2025 Anatomy & Physiology I 27 01/24/2025 Anatomy & Physiology I 28 01/24/2025 Anatomy & Physiology I 29  Which of these indicates the levels of organization from simplest to most complex? 1. Electrical; chemical; neurotransmitter; response 2. Chemical; cellular; tissue; organ; organ system; organismal 3. Skeletal; muscular; cardiovascular; endocrine; nervous 4. Tissue; chemical; cellular; organismal; organ system; organ 01/24/2025 Anatomy & Physiology I 30  Why is it important to study each level of structural organization? 1. The organization at each level determines structural characteristics of higher levels 2. The organization at each level determines functions of higher levels 3. 1 and 2 are correct! 01/24/2025 Anatomy & Physiology I 31  Group Activities 01/24/2025 Anatomy & Physiology I 32  Group Fun! 20 minutes Group 1 Name each of the 12 major organ systems and identify major components and functions of each system. (pp. 10 & 11 textbook) Group 2 Explain the concept of homeostasis. (p. 12) with examples 01/24/2025 Anatomy & Physiology I 33 Groups of evenly divided 20 minutes Group 3 Describe how negative feedback is involved in homeostatic regulation. (pp. 14 & 15) Group 4 Describe how positive feedback is involved in homeostatic regulation. (pp. 14 & 15) Group 5 Use anatomical terms to describe body sections, body regions, and relative positions. (pp. 17-21, lab activity) 01/24/2025 Anatomy & Physiology I 34  Explain and Homeostasis: all summarize the body systems working concept of together to maintain a homeostasis. stable internal environment Systems respond to external and internal changes to function within a normal range (body temperature, fluid balance) 01/24/2025 Anatomy & Physiology I 35  Homeostasis Homeostasis is 1. Your body is the maintenance of going to maintain a the conditions in constant internal the cell or within temperature of the body that 98.6˚F (37˚C) no maintain life, matter what the despite changes temperature is on that may be the outside, occurring in or whether it’s 120◦F outside the body. or -20◦F. 01/24/2025 Anatomy & Physiology I 36. If homeostasis of the internal environment is disrupted, the result is often disease or sickness, which sometimes has a snowball effect. In many diseases, the composition and/or volume of the internal environment becomes abnormal. 01/24/2025 Anatomy & Physiology I 37  There are 2 Types of Extrinsic Control Mechanisms: Negative & Positive Feedback. 01/24/2025 Anatomy & Physiology I 38  Negative Feedback: Positive regulatory Feedback: is the mechanism in which a change in a controlled opposite of variable triggers a negative feedback!! response that opposes The action of the the change, thus effector amplifies maintaining a steady set point for the the changes that regulated factor. This first stimulated the is the most common effectors. There are extrinsic control system to maintain no antagonistic homeostasis (i.e. it is factors. homeostatic). 01/24/2025 Anatomy & Physiology I 39  Negative 1. In order for the internal constancy to be maintained, the body must have sensors that are able to detect deviations from a set point. The set point is analogous to the temperature set of a house thermostat. In a similar manner, there is a set point for body temp, blood glucose conc., tension on the tendon, etc. 2. Integrator receives info. from the sensors and increases or decreases the activity of the effectors. 3. Effectors carry out the instructions from the Integrating Center to maintain internal constancy. 01/24/2025 Anatomy & Physiology I 40  Negative feedback Because the activity of the effectors is influenced by the effects they produce, and because this regulation is in a "negative" or "reverse/opposite" direction, this type of control system is known as a negative feedback loop. 01/24/2025 Anatomy & Physiology I 41 01/24/2025 Anatomy & Physiology I 42  Negative Feedback It is important to realize that these negative feedback loops are continuous processes — NOT JUST OFF/ON. Thus, a particular nerve fiber that is part of an effector mechanism may always display some activity, and a particular hormone in the blood, may always be present. 01/24/2025 Anatomy & Physiology I 43  Positive feedback : is the opposite of negative feedback!! The action of the effector amplifies the changes that first stimulated the effectors. There are no antagonistic factors. If the change in the homeostatic condition were to increase, positive feedback increases it even further. Back to the thermostat example, usu. it maintains a constant T by increasing heat production when it is cold and decreasing heat production when it is warm = negative feedback. A thermostat that works by positive feedback, would increase heat production in response to a rise in temperature. 01/24/2025 Anatomy & Physiology I 44  Positive feedback Blood clot: initial damage A single change is caused by a cut, sets off a series of reactions to form a clot. The amplified to produce a activation of one clotting factor blood clot or to give birth. results in the activation of other Aid in the completion of clotting factors in a positive feedback avalanche-like manner. negative feedback loops. Giving Birth. Birth initiation Essentially starts with uterine contraction, which causes oxytocin release. uncommon, because it This stimulates contraction of tends to move the more uterine smooth muscle conditions further away which stimulates more oxytocin release. Contractions keep from homeostatic levels. getting stronger and stronger. Prolonged positive Production stops only after baby and placenta have been feedback is generally completely delivered. detrimental and usually pathogenic. 01/24/2025 Anatomy & Physiology I 45  Why is homeostatic regulation important to an organism? 1. Regulation allows individual organ systems to gain total control of the body. 2. Individual cells tolerate large ranges of conditions when regulated properly. 3. Physiological systems can function normally only under carefully controlled conditions. 4. Regulation provides a good framework for studying human physiology. 01/24/2025 Anatomy & Physiology I 46 01/24/2025 Anatomy & Physiology I 47  A receptor, a control center and an effector are the three parts of a homeostatic regulatory mechanism. Receptor - A sensor receptive to stimulus; Control Center - receives and processes information; Effector - a cell or organ that responds to commands 01/24/2025 Anatomy & Physiology I 48  What is/are goals and functions of a negative feedback system? 1. Providing long-term control over the body’s internal conditions 2. Keeping conditions within a normal range 3. Adjusting the “set point” for body temperature based upon level of activity 4. all of the above 01/24/2025 Anatomy & Physiology I 49  What happens to the body when homeostasis breaks down? 1. disease 2. organ systems malfunction 3. death 4. all of the above 01/24/2025 Anatomy & Physiology I 50  Use anatomical Identify the major terms to describe body cavities and body sections, body their subdivisions, regions, and and describe the relative positions. functions of each. 01/24/2025 Anatomy & Physiology I 51 LE 1-7a Right Left Upper Upper Quadrant Quadrant (RUQ) (LUQ) Right Left Lower Lower Quadrant Quadrant (RLQ) (LLQ) Abdominopelvic quadrants 01/24/2025 Anatomy & Physiology I 53 01/24/2025 Anatomy & Physiology I 54 Figure 1.12 LE 1-8 SUPERIOR SUPERIOR Cranial Right Left Proximal Posterior Anterior or dorsal or ventral Lateral Medial Caudal Proximal Distal Directional terms/ references. Pg. 20 text Distal INFERIOR INFERIOR LE 1-9 Frontal plane Sagittal plane Sectional Planes Pg. 21 in text Transverse plane  outcomes 7. Identify the major body cavities and their subdivisions, and describe the functions of each. (pp. 22-24, lab activity) 8. Identify the structure and summarize the functions of serous membranes. (pp. 22-24) 01/24/2025 Anatomy & Physiology I 57  Body Cavities Lab Manual pg. 7 01/24/2025 Anatomy & Physiology I 58 Figure 1.9 01/24/2025 Anatomy & Physiology I 59 Figure 1.9a 01/24/2025 Anatomy & Physiology I 60 Figure 1.9b LE 1-10 VENTRAL BODY CAVITY (COELOM) Provides protection; allows organ movement; lining prevents friction separated by diaphragm into THORACIC CAVITY ABDOMINOPELVIC CAVITY Surrounded by chest Contains the wall and diaphragm peritoneal cavity subdivided into includes the RIGHT PLEURAL MEDIASTINUM LEFT PLEURAL ABDOMINAL CAVITY PELVIC CAVITY CAVITY CAVITY Contains many Contains Surrounds Contains the Surrounds digestive glands urinary bladder, right lung trachea, esophagus, left lung and organs reproductive and major vessels organs, last portion of digestive tract also contains PERICARDIAL Divisions of ventral body CAVITY cavity and organs Surrounds heart contained. Text pg. 22  Serous Membranes Lines the walls of body cavities, Covers Viscera (Internal organs that are enclosed in a serous membrane- partially or wholly) Visceral layer-covers organ Parietal layer-outside layer 01/24/2025 Anatomy & Physiology I 62  Serous Membranes (this pic not found in text or lab manual) 01/24/2025 Anatomy & Physiology I 63 Figure 1.10 LE 1-11b Serous Membranes Text book pg. 23 Visceral pericardium Air Heart space Pericardial cavity Balloon Parietal pericardium LE 1-11c ANTERIOR Pericardial cavity Pleural cavity Right Left Parietal pleura lung lung Mediastinum Spinal cord POSTERIOR  Are We Having Fun Yet? Life is full of Unplanned Everything. Have fun with it. Don’t let it Intimidate you. It gets Better. There is an end in site. 01/24/2025 Anatomy & Physiology I 66  Why? Learn, Listen, Change! You can make a difference in someone’s life! 01/24/2025 Anatomy & Physiology I 67  Thought of the Day. Do You think Whales Communicate? 01/24/2025 Anatomy & Physiology I 68  But to get to a higher level of consciousness, you have to listen, learn, practice, practice, teach, understand, make it part of you, have passion, focus, direction, gentle persistence, compassion, empathy, and most of all, all you need is Love. http://www.youtube.c om/watch?v=grRuw1 cE9LU 01/24/2025 Anatomy & Physiology I 69