30 Questions
What is the main purpose of the autonomic nervous system?
To transmit motor signals from the CNS to effector organs
Which part of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for controlling the gastrointestinal tract?
The enteric autonomic nervous system
How does the sympathetic nervous system affect heart rate?
It increases the force of contraction, leading to an increase in cardiac output
How does the parasympathetic nervous system affect heart rate?
It decreases heart rate
How does the sympathetic nervous system affect blood flow?
It causes vasoconstriction, leading to decreased blood flow
How does the parasympathetic nervous system affect secretion?
It increases most secretions
What is the primary purpose of the physiological changes that occur when attacked by a bear?
To prepare the body for the fight-or-flight response
Which of the following is NOT a physiological change that occurs during the fight-or-flight response?
Increase in urination
What is the primary function of the increased blood flow to skeletal muscles during the fight-or-flight response?
To improve oxygen and nutrient delivery to the muscles
What is the primary role of the adrenal medulla during the fight-or-flight response?
To secrete norepinephrine and epinephrine to further activate the sympathetic nervous system
What is the purpose of the pupil dilation (mydriasis) that occurs during the fight-or-flight response?
To improve visual acuity and focus
What is the primary reason for the inhibition of gastrointestinal (GI) motility during the fight-or-flight response?
To redirect blood flow away from the digestive system and towards the skeletal muscles
What is the primary effect of increased aldosterone release?
Increased sodium and water retention
What is the effect of decreased renal blood flow on renin release?
Increased renin release
What is the effect of sympathetic stimulation on the uterus during pregnancy?
Uterine relaxation
What is the effect of sympathetic stimulation on the liver?
Increases glucose production via glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis
What is the effect of parasympathetic stimulation on the lacrimal gland?
Increases lacrimation
What is the effect of sympathetic stimulation on the male genitalia?
Causes ejaculation
Which type of receptor is found in the adrenal medulla and leads to the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine?
Nicotinic receptor
What type of neurotransmitter is released by the postganglionic sympathetic neurons that innervate the eccrine sweat glands?
Acetylcholine
Which type of receptor is activated by the neurotransmitter released from the postganglionic parasympathetic neurons at the target tissue?
Muscarinic receptor
What type of receptor is found on the postganglionic sympathetic neurons at the target tissue?
Adrenergic receptor
Which type of receptor is found on the postganglionic neuron that innervates the renal blood vessels and leads to vasodilation?
Dopaminergic receptor
What type of neurons make up the somatic nervous system?
Neurons that arise from the CNS and innervate skeletal muscles
Which receptor is stimulated by sympathetic response in the heart to increase heart rate?
B1 receptor
What is the effect of parasympathetic response in the urinary bladder?
Contraction of bladder muscle (detrusor muscle)
What effect does sympathetic response have on the GIT?
Decrease peristalsis
What happens when the drug is an agonist on a sympathetic nervous system in the GIT?
Relaxes smooth muscles
How does sympathetic innervation affect the kidney?
Increase renin
Which receptor is responsible for decreasing urination (urinary retention) due to a sympathetic response in the urinary bladder?
Beta 2 receptor
Test your knowledge on the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System, focusing on the effects of increased aldosterone, total peripheral resistance, blood volume, and hypertension. Understand how hypotension triggers renin release and the role of different receptors in the system.
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