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Physiology of Water and Sodium Balance

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Questions and Answers

What is hyponatremia defined as?

Plasma sodium concentration above 145 mmol/L

Decreased plasma sodium concentration below 135 mmol/L (correct)

Plasma sodium concentration below 130 mmol/L

An increased total body water content

Which of the following is a management strategy for Hypernatremia?

Restrict water intake (correct)

Administer isotonic saline

Increase sodium intake

Monitor blood pressure regularly

What condition is characterized by a sodium level greater than 145 mmol/L?

Hyperkalemia

Hyponatremia

Hypokalemia

Hypernatremia (correct)

Which statement about sodium balance is correct?

Sodium balance is influenced by renal sodium excretion. Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during hypernatremia?

It is frequently seen in critically ill patients. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes hypokalemia?

Decreased potassium levels below 3.5 mmol/L. Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between extracellular fluid volume and sodium content?

Total body Na+ content directly affects ECF volume. Signup and view all the answers

How is hyponatremia typically characterized clinically?

By no clinical sign of volume depletion or edema. Signup and view all the answers

What is a risk associated with administering hypertonic saline in hypernatremia?

Fluid overload potentially resulting in pulmonary edema Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Water & Salt Loss

The volume of the extracellular fluid (ECF) depends on the total body sodium content.
Sodium is primarily found in the ECF.
Water intake and loss are controlled to keep ECF osmolality and sodium concentration stable.
Sodium balance is maintained by regulating its excretion through the kidneys.

Potassium Disturbances

Hyponatremia: Plasma sodium concentration less than 135 mmol/L.
Hypernatremia: Plasma sodium concentration greater than 145 mmol/L, always hyperosmolar and less common than hyponatremia.
Hypernatremia is more common in critically ill patients who may be unable to drink water.
SIADH Management: Restricting water intake is a key management strategy.
Hypertonic Saline: Risk of fluid overload, potentially leading to pulmonary edema.

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Description

This quiz covers important concepts regarding the balance of water and sodium in the body, focusing on extracellular fluid volume and the role of the kidneys in sodium excretion. It also addresses common disturbances such as hyponatremia and hypernatremia, alongside management strategies for conditions like SIADH.