Physiology Chapter 1 Quiz

The study of the normal functioning of living organisms and their parts.

The maintenance of internal stability in an organism despite external changes.

The principle of keeping inputs and outputs in equilibrium to maintain stability.

Systems in physiology that regulate functions via feedback mechanisms.

Biological processes that cycle around a 24-hour period, influencing behaviors like sleep.

Negative health effects caused by a patient's expectation of harm from treatment.

An experimental design where neither participants nor administrators know who receives the treatment.

Independent variables are manipulated; dependent variables are measured changes in response.

A modulator that binds to a protein away from its binding site to activate it.

A modulator that binds to a protein away from its binding site and inactivates it.

Increase in the number or activity of proteins in cells.

Decrease in the number or activity of proteins in cells.

The point at which increasing ligand concentration no longer increases reaction rate.

Bonds formed when atoms share electrons.

Bonds formed through the transfer of electrons, creating charged ions.

Weak attractions between polar molecules.

Nitrogenous bases including cytosine, thymine, and uracil.

A substance that dissolves in a liquid to form a solution.

The degree to which a substance dissolves in a solvent.

Water, as it dissolves most substances.

The degree to which a protein binds to its ligand.

The state where the rates of binding and unbinding are equal.

A measure indicating how easily a ligand separates from a protein, equals 1/Keq.

Activation of a protein by removing peptide fragments.

The interior space within a hollow organ, filled with air or fluid.

Fluid outside cells, rich in sodium and includes plasma and intestinal fluid.

Fluid within cells, primarily high in potassium ions.

A membrane that surrounds the heart, providing protection and cushioning.

A model describing the structure of biological membranes as a mosaic of diverse protein molecules embedded in a flexible lipid bilayer.

Proteins that span the entire lipid bilayer, aiding in transport and communication.

Proteins located on the edges of the membrane that can be removed without damaging it.

A double layer of lipids that makes up the cell membrane, with hydrophilic heads facing outwards and hydrophobic tails facing inwards.

Programmed cell death that maintains tissue health.

Undifferentiated cells that can develop into specialized cell types.

Organelles known as the powerhouses of the cell, generating ATP.

Cell organelle involved in modifying and packaging proteins.

Organelles that contain enzymes to digest waste materials and cellular debris.

Organelles that break down fatty acids and detoxify harmful substances.

Network of membranes dotted with ribosomes, primarily synthesizing proteins.

Lipid synthesis site and calcium storage, lacking ribosomes.

The network of proteins and molecules that provide structural and biochemical support to surrounding cells.

Glycoproteins that provide structural support in the extracellular matrix.

Membrane proteins that facilitate cell-matrix and cell-cell adhesion by binding collagen and laminin.

Proteins located on the cell surface involved in the binding with other cells or the extracellular matrix.

Communicating junctions that allow direct transfer of small molecules and ions between adjacent cells.

Occluding junctions that prevent the passage of materials between cells, often found in the intestines.

Anchoring junctions that mechanically attach cells to their neighbors, maintaining tissue integrity.

Proteins that mediate temporary cell-cell adhesions, typically during immune responses.