GU Quiz

Urea and Uric Acid

• Urea and uric acid are products of the breakdown of proteins.

Cystitis Causes

• Cystitis is most likely caused by fecal contamination in female patients.
• Fecal contamination can occur due to wiping from back to front.
• Other risk factors for cystitis include dehydration, indwelling urinary catheter, and multiple sexual partners.

Preventing Cystitis

• To prevent cystitis, always clean the perineal area from front to back.
• There is no need to limit fluid intake or avoid using public toilets.

Cystitis Indicators

• Cloudy urine may indicate cystitis.
• Cloudy urine may also be due to poor cleansing when collecting the urine.

Renal Diseases

• Glomerulonephritis is caused by an immune disorder.
• Renal calculi can result from obstruction in the tubules or dehydration.
• Renal calculi are not caused by overhydration or bladder infections.

Urinary Tract Infections

• Pyelonephritis begins as an infection in the kidneys.
• Bladder infections can lead to pyelonephritis.

Urinary Diseases and Treatments

• Glomerulonephritis is likely to be treated with corticosteroids.
• Corticosteroids are not typically used to treat cystitis, acute renal failure, polycystic kidneys, or incontinence.

Kidney Structure

• The renal cortex is the outermost layer of the kidneys.
• The renal column is the portion of the renal cortex that extends between the pyramids.
• The renal pelvis is a funnel-shaped structure that collects urine.
• The renal medulla is the inner layer of the kidneys.
• The renal papilla is the point where the nephrons empty into the renal pelvis.
• The renal sinus is the medial depression of a kidney.
• The hilum is the region where the renal artery, renal vein, and ureter enter the kidney.

Ureteral Function

• Ureters are the muscular tubes that carry urine to the bladder.

Hormones and Blood Pressure

• Renin is the hormone that regulates blood pressure.
• Erythropoietin, cortisol, prolactin, and oxytocin are not directly involved in regulating blood pressure.

Kidney Anatomy and Functions

• The kidneys are located in a retroperitoneal position compared to the peritoneal cavity.
• Erythropoietin is a hormone that helps regulate red blood cell production.

Kidney Structure

• The hilum contains the renal artery, renal vein, and ureter.
• The renal pelvis is the expansion of the ureter inside the kidneys.
• The renal medulla is the middle portion of the kidneys.

Blood Filtration

• The renal corpuscle is composed of a mass of capillaries called a glomerulus and is where blood filtration occurs.
• The glomerulus is a group of capillaries that forms the renal corpuscle.

Urine Formation and Nephron Structure

• The collecting ducts are formed by the joining of similar structures from other nephrons.
• Distal convoluted tubules are located between the proximal and distal tubules.
• The loop of Henle is located between the proximal and distal tubules.
• The renal corpuscle is not connected to the glomerulus, but rather the glomerular capsule is.
• The glomerulus is surrounded by Bowman's capsule.
• Peritubular capillaries are the tiny vessels that surround the tubules.
• Efferent arterioles deliver blood to the peritubular capillaries.

Glomerular Filtration and Blood Pressure

• Glomerular filtration is the process of urine formation that decreases when the blood pressure decreases, and increases when the blood pressure increases.

Nephron Structure and Function

• The collecting ducts are formed by the union of similar structures from multiple nephrons.
• The correct structures that join to form collecting ducts are not afferent arterioles, which are blood vessels that supply the glomerulus.
• The correct structures that join to form collecting ducts are not efferent arterioles, which are blood vessels that drain the glomerulus.
• The correct structures that join to form collecting ducts are not peritubular capillaries, which are tiny blood vessels that surround the nephron tubules.
• The correct structures that join to form collecting ducts are not proximal convoluted tubules, which are the initial tubular segments of the nephron.
• The correct structures that join to form collecting ducts are distal convoluted tubules, which are the final tubular segments of the nephron.

Urine Formation Processes

• Substances move from the blood into the renal tubules during glomerular filtration.
• The hormone ADH controls the amount of water the body keeps during tubular reabsorption.
• Glomerular filtration occurs in the renal corpuscles.
• The filtrate flows into the proximal convoluted tubule during glomerular filtration.
• Drugs and hydrogen ions enter the filtrate during tubular secretion.
• Nutrients, ions, and water are returned to the body during tubular reabsorption.
• Substances such as drugs, ions, and waste products are moved and eliminated in urine during tubular secretion.
• Elimination and micturition are separate processes from urine formation.

Urinary System Structure

• Ureters take urine away from the kidney and towards the bladder.
• Urethra takes urine away from the bladder and out of the body.

Transport of Urine

• Ureters use a peristaltic action to take urine to the bladder.

Bladder Structure

• The detrusor muscle is part of the bladder.

Acute Renal Failure

• Acute renal failure occurs when kidneys suddenly lose function.
• Can result from poisons and/or alcohol abuse, hemorrhaging, food poisoning, or other causes.
• May be treated with surgical repair of obstructions.

Chronic Renal Failure

• Chronic renal failure occurs when kidneys slowly lose function over time.
• Commonly caused by high blood pressure or diabetes.
• Can result from poisons and/or alcohol abuse.
• May cause symptoms such as headache, mental confusion, and frequent seizures.

Key Differences

• Acute renal failure is characterized by sudden loss of kidney function, while chronic renal failure is characterized by gradual loss of function over time.
• Acute renal failure may cause excessive urine production, while chronic renal failure does not.

Urinary System

• The kidneys remove metabolic waste products from the blood.
• The kidneys combine metabolic wastes with water and ions to form urine.

Incorrect Options

• Ureters, urinary bladder, urethra, and renal pelvis do not remove metabolic waste products from the blood.
• Red blood cells, erythropoietin, and red bone marrow are not involved in forming urine.
• Renin is not related to forming urine.