Physiology and Cellular Energy Quiz

Physiology of the Human Body, Cells, and Cellular Energy

• Anatomy studies structure while physiology concerns function of the body, with structure reflecting function.
• The body's structural organization is hierarchical, with atoms, molecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, and organisms.
• The major organ systems include the integumentary, muscular, skeletal, nervous, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, endocrine, urinary, reproductive, and digestive systems.
• Homeostasis maintains stable internal conditions in the body, with a homeostatic control system consisting of a stimulus, receptor, control center, output, and effector.
• Negative feedback loops bring a regulated variable back to the set point, while positive feedback loops enhance the original stimulus.
• Cells are the basic structural and functional unit of living organisms, with a nucleus, cytoplasm, mitochondria, cytoskeleton, lysosomes, Golgi apparatus, and endoplasmic reticulum.
• The plasma membrane is a semipermeable lipid bilayer with integral and peripheral proteins that regulate transport and cell recognition.
• Cells specialize according to function, with stem cells needing signals to activate certain genes to differentiate into a particular type of cell.
• Cell junctions include desmosomes, tight junctions, and gap junctions that bind cells together and communicate between cells.
• Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a type of chemical energy that breaks down into adenosine diphosphate (ADP) when the cell needs energy, with mitochondria adding a phosphate group to recharge ADP back to ATP.
• Cellular respiration involves the oxidation of glucose through glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation, producing water, carbon dioxide, and ATP.
• Aerobic respiration requires oxygen and produces more ATP than anaerobic respiration, which produces lactic acid during heavy exercise when oxygen levels deplete.

Physiology of the Human Body, Cells, and Cellular Energy

• Anatomy studies structure while physiology concerns function of the body, with structure reflecting function.
• The body's structural organization is hierarchical, with atoms, molecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, and organisms.
• The major organ systems include the integumentary, muscular, skeletal, nervous, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, endocrine, urinary, reproductive, and digestive systems.
• Homeostasis maintains stable internal conditions in the body, with a homeostatic control system consisting of a stimulus, receptor, control center, output, and effector.
• Negative feedback loops bring a regulated variable back to the set point, while positive feedback loops enhance the original stimulus.
• Cells are the basic structural and functional unit of living organisms, with a nucleus, cytoplasm, mitochondria, cytoskeleton, lysosomes, Golgi apparatus, and endoplasmic reticulum.
• The plasma membrane is a semipermeable lipid bilayer with integral and peripheral proteins that regulate transport and cell recognition.
• Cells specialize according to function, with stem cells needing signals to activate certain genes to differentiate into a particular type of cell.
• Cell junctions include desmosomes, tight junctions, and gap junctions that bind cells together and communicate between cells.
• Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a type of chemical energy that breaks down into adenosine diphosphate (ADP) when the cell needs energy, with mitochondria adding a phosphate group to recharge ADP back to ATP.
• Cellular respiration involves the oxidation of glucose through glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation, producing water, carbon dioxide, and ATP.
• Aerobic respiration requires oxygen and produces more ATP than anaerobic respiration, which produces lactic acid during heavy exercise when oxygen levels deplete.