Physiological Solutions Overview
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What is the primary role of physiological solutions used in pharmacological experiments on isolated tissues?

  • To keep the isolated tissues alive and provide nutrients (correct)
  • To enhance the reaction speed of the experiment
  • To create an acidic environment for tissue experimentation
  • To sterilize the isolated tissues before experimentation

    • Why is pure water not used for perfusing tissues in experiments?

  • It does not provide the necessary nutrients for cell growth
  • It promotes anaerobic conditions in the cells
  • It leads to cell rupture and important crystalloids being drawn out (correct)
  • It causes cell membranes to stabilize

    • In cases of fluid replacement therapy, which condition is NOT indicated for the use of physiological solutions?

  • Acidosis (correct)
  • Dehydration
  • Diarrhea
  • Blood or plasma loss

    • What is the most important criterion for physiological solutions in relation to tissue fluids?

    <p>Isotonicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to cells when physiological solutions are hypotonic?

    <p>Cells swell and may rupture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the molecular weight of sodium chloride (NaCl)?

    <p>58 gm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many particles does glucose dissociate into in solution?

    <p>1 particle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of osmolality?

    <p>Number of osmoles per kilogram of solvent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following solutions has a higher osmolality than plasma?

    <p>Hypertonic solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following substances dissociates into 3 particles in solution?

    <p>Calcium chloride (CaCl2)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the osmolarity range for extracellular fluid (ECF) and intracellular fluid (ICF)?

    <p>280 to 300 mOsm/L</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs to cells in a hypertonic solution?

    <p>Cells shrink</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the osmolality of a solution containing 1 mole of NaCl?

    <p>2 osmol/L</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended pH range for physiological solutions?

    <p>7.3 to 7.8</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component can lead to the growth of microorganisms if stored improperly?

    <p>Glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which physiological solution contains 0.9% NaCl?

    <p>Physiological saline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key requirement for the aeration of heart tissue during experiments?

    <p>Pure oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When preparing a physiological solution, what should be done with NaHCO₃?

    <p>Use it immediately after preparation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of storing NaHCO₃ with calcium?

    <p>Precipitates Ca(HCO₃)₂</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of bicarbonate in physiological solutions?

    <p>Buffering agent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what temperature should mammalian tissue solutions be maintained?

    <p>37°C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of sodium bicarbonate in physiological solutions?

    <p>To adjust the pH of the solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following ions is found in Ringer’s solution?

    <p>Magnesium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of glucose in physiological solutions?

    <p>To serve as a nutrient and energy source</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which solution is isotonic for mammalian tissues?

    <p>Physiological saline solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gaseous component is crucial for the proper functioning of tissues in physiological solutions?

    <p>Oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following physiological solutions contains glucose?

    <p>Glucose 5% solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of physiological saline solution?

    <p>As an isotonic IV fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between Tyrode's solution and Ringer's solution?

    <p>Tyrode's solution contains glucose, while Ringer's does not</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of using hypertonic solutions on isolated tissues?

    <p>Cells will shrink leading to loss of function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the effect of isotonic solutions on tissues?

    <p>They maintain cell volume and function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In cases of fluid replacement therapy, which situation is an appropriate indication for using physiological solutions?

    <p>Severe dehydration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one major reason physiological solutions are preferred over pure water for perfusing tissues?

    <p>Pure water can lead to cell membrane rupture.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of ionic composition in physiological solutions?

    <p>It mimics the body's natural tissue fluid environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between molarity and osmolarity for non-ionizing substances such as glucose?

    <p>1 mole equals 1 osmol/L</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to cells in a hypotonic solution?

    <p>Cells swell and burst</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the osmolality of a solution containing 1 mole of a substance that dissociates into 2 particles in solution?

    <p>2 osmol/L</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following solutions has the same osmolality as plasma?

    <p>Isotonic solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many grams of NaCl are required to achieve a 1 molarity solution?

    <p>58 grams</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the osmolality characteristic of solutions that are hypertonic to plasma?

    <p>Greater than 300 mosm/L</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding osmolality and osmosis?

    <p>Higher osmolality solutions draw water out of cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is defined as the number of osmoles per liter of solution?

    <p>Osmolarity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be ensured regarding the pH level when preparing physiological solutions?

    <p>It must be between 7.3 and 7.8 depending on the organ</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true about the preparation of glucose solutions?

    <p>50 gm of glucose should be mixed in 1000 ml of distilled water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended storage condition for NaHCO₃ to prevent undesirable reactions?

    <p>It must be stored away from calcium to avoid precipitation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aeration method is recommended for the intestine during physiological experiments?

    <p>Keeping it in normal air for proper conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a critical precaution when preparing physiological saline solution?

    <p>It should be prepared on the same day of the experiment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which physiological solution is characterized by having a concentration of 0.9% NaCl?

    <p>Physiological saline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must be accounted for when using bicarbonate in physiological solutions?

    <p>It must be gassed with O2 and CO2 during use</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is essential for maintaining physiological solutions when experimenting with mammalian tissues?

    <p>Keeping all organ solutions at a temperature of 37°C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of glucose in physiological solutions?

    <p>Assists in the contractility of tissue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following ions contributes to the proper serum osmolality in Ringer’s solution?

    <p>CaCl2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does sodium bicarbonate play in physiological solutions?

    <p>Regulates pH levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which physiological solution contains magnesium as one of its components?

    <p>Tyrode's solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gas mixture is essential for the proper functioning of tissues in physiological solutions?

    <p>95% O2 with 5% CO2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following solutions is specifically isotonic for frog's tissues?

    <p>Ringer’s solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the osmotic effect of glucose when included in physiological solutions?

    <p>Increases serum osmolality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What component helps facilitate the diffusion of drugs in physiological solutions?

    <p>Air</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Physiological Solutions

    • Physiological Solutions are artificially prepared solutions used to keep animal tissues alive outside the body.

    • Role of Physiological Solutions:

      • Keep the isolated tissues alive.
      • Provide nutrients to the tissues.
      • Act as a buffer.
      • Mimic the body tissue fluid in ionic composition.

    • Types of Physiological Solutions:

      • Physiological Saline:

        • Isotonic IV fluid for frog's tissues.
        • 0.9% for mammalian tissues.
        • 0.9% NaCl is Isotonic IV fluid.

      • Ringer's Solution:

        • Contains: NaCl, KCl, CaCl2, NaHCO3.
        • Used to:
          • Supply water.
          • Correct increase in serum osmolality.
          • Sometimes with other components.

      • Glucose 5% Solution:

        • Administered to:
          • Supply water.
          • Increase serum osmolality.
        • Contains: Sugar (usually glucose) as an energy source.

      • Tyrode's Solution:

        • Similar to lactated Ringer's solution, but contains:
          • Magnesium.
          • Sugar (usually glucose) as an energy source.

    Important Points about Physiological Solutions

    • Why Not use Pure Water: Perfusion of tissues with pure water destroys the cells. It draws important crystalloids from cells and leads to rapture of the cell membrane due to accumulation of water inside the cells.

    • Precautions during Preparation:

      • Should be prepared on the same day of the experiment.
      • NaHCO3 should not be stored with calcium as it precipitates Ca(HCO3)2.
      • Glucose can encourage the growth of microorganisms.
      • Ph should be between 7.3 and 7.8 depending on the organ.
      • Temperature should be constant (Mammalian tissue solution at 37°C (isolated rabbit intestine))
      • Aeration:
        • Heart tissue → Pure O2
        • Intestine → Normal air

    • How to Prepare:

      • NaCl 0.9%: 0.9 gm of NaCl in 100 ml of distilled water then mix.
      • Glucose 5%: 50 gm of glucose in 1000 ml of distilled water then mix.

    • Most Important Criteria:

      • Isotonicity: The prepared solution should be isotonic to tissue fluid.
      • Alterations in isotonicity may lead to loss of function due to:
        • Shrinkage  If hypertonic.
        • Swelling  If hypotonic.

    Components of Physiological Solutions

    • Na (Sodium)
    • K (Potassium)
    • Mg (Magnesium)
    • Ca (Calcium)
    • Cl (Chloride)
    • Distilled Water
    • Glucose

    Role of some Ions

    • Sodium Bicarbonate:

      • Used to adjust the pH of the solution (alkaline).

    • Glucose:

      • Supplies energy for the isolated tissue.
      • Acts as a nutrient.
      • Helps with the contractility of the tissue.

    • Air, Pure O2, or Carbogen (95% O2 with 5% CO2):

      • Required for the proper functioning of the tissues.
      • Facilities the diffusion of drugs in the solution.

    • Frogs' Ringer Solution

    • Mammalian Ringer Solution

    • Tyrode Solution

    • Krebs Solution

    Molarity and Osmolarity

    • Molarity: Amount of moles of a compound dissolved in 1 liter of water.

    • Osmolarity: Number of osmoles per liter of solution. Osmolarity of ECF & ICF = 280 to 300 mosm/L.

    • Osmolality: Number of osmoles per kilogram of solvent.

    • Tonicity: The osmolality of a solution relative to plasma.

      • Hypertonic Solutions: Solutions have higher osmolality than plasma.
      • Isotonic Solutions: Solutions have the same osmolality as plasma.
      • Hypotonic Solutions: Solutions have less osmolality than plasma.

    Physiological Solutions for Specific Uses

    • Lactated Ringer's Solution:
      • Isotonic IV fluid.
      • Contains phosphate as a buffer instead of lactate.
      • Must be gassed with O2 & CO2 when used for cell culture applications and physiology.

    Physiological Solutions

    • Physiological solutions are artificially prepared solutions used to keep animal tissues alive outside the body.
    • They provide a controlled environment mimicing body fluid composition.
    • These solutions are used while performing pharmacological experiments on isolated tissues.

    Roles of Physiological Solutions

    • Keep the isolated tissues alive.
    • Provide nutrients to the tissues.
    • Act as a buffer.
    • Mimic the body tissue fluid (in ionic composition).

    Why Not Use Pure Water?

    • Perfusion of tissues with pure water destroys the cells.
    • Draws important crystalloids from cells.
    • Leads to rupture of the cell membrane due to water accumulation inside the cells.

    Indications for Physiological Solutions

    • Given intravenously for patients as fluid replacement therapy.
    • Used in cases of dehydration, diarrhea, and blood or plasma loss.

    Examples of Physiological Solutions

    • NaCl 0.9% (physiological saline).
    • Glucose 5% (isotonic IV fluid).
    • Ringer's solution (isotonic IV fluid).

    Importance of Isotonicity

    • Most important criteria for physiological solutions.
    • Prepared solution needs to be isotonic to tissue fluid.
    • Alterations in isotonicity lead to loss of function due to cell shrinkage (hypertonic solution) or swelling (hypotonic solution).

    Components of Physiological Solutions

    • Sodium (Na), Potassium (K), Magnesium (Mg), Calcium (Ca), Chloride (Cl), Distilled water, Glucose

    Roles of Specific Ions:

    • Sodium Bicarbonate: Adjusts the pH of the solution to be alkaline.
    • Glucose: Supplies energy for the isolated tissue, acts as a nutrient, and helps with tissue contractility.
    • Oxygen (O2): Required for proper functioning of the tissues.
    • Carbon Dioxide (CO2): Helps with stirring the solution and facilitates drug diffusion.

    Examples of Commonly Used Physiological Solutions:

    • Frog's Ringer Solution: Used for frog tissues.
    • Mammalian Ringer Solution: Used for mammalian tissues.
    • Tyrode's Solution: Similar to lactated Ringer's but contains magnesium and sugar.
    • Krebs Solution: A specific solution for studies of metabolism.

    Requirements for Preparing Physiological Solutions

    • Should be prepared on the same day of the experiment as stock solutions are unstable.
    • Sodium Bicarbonate (NaHCO3) precipitates calcium ions when stored, forming calcium bicarbonate.
    • Glucose can promote microbial growth if stored for long periods.
    • pH should be maintained between 7.3 and 7.8 depending on the organ.
    • Temperature should be constant, with mammalian tissue solutions usually kept at 37°C.
    • Aeration should be specific to the tissue, e.g., pure oxygen for heart tissue and normal air for intestinal tissues.

    Preparing Solutions:

    • 0.9% NaCl (Saline): Dissolve 0.9 grams of NaCl in 100 mL of distilled water.
    • 5% Glucose: Dissolve 50 grams of glucose in 1000 mL of distilled water.
    • Mole (mol): Molecular weight of a substance in grams.
    • Molarity (M): Amount of moles of a compound dissolved in 1 liter of water.
    • Osmoles: Number of particles of dissociation multiplied by the number of moles.
    • Osmolarity: Number of osmoles per liter of solution.
    • Osmolality: Number of osmoles per kilogram of solvent.
    • Hypertonic Solution: Solution with higher osmolality than plasma.
    • Isotonic Solution: Solution with the same osmolality as plasma.
    • Hypotonic Solution: Solution with lower osmolality than plasma.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the essential aspects of physiological solutions used to maintain animal tissues outside the body. Learn about their roles, various types including physiological saline, Ringer's solution, glucose solution, and Tyrode's solution, and their composition and uses. Test your knowledge on these vital solutions in physiological studies.

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