Unit 4 Practice
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Questions and Answers

What is the function of the Eustachian tubes?

  • To form a supportive skeletal framework for the vocal cords
  • To conduct air between the larynx and the mainstem bronchi
  • To divide into secondary bronchi
  • To equalize the pressure on both sides of the eardrum (correct)

    • How many laryngeal cartilages are there?

  • 9 (correct)
  • 6
  • 10
  • 5

    • What is the function of the trachea?

  • To divide into secondary bronchi
  • To equalize the pressure on both sides of the eardrum
  • To form a supportive skeletal framework for the vocal cords
  • To conduct air between the larynx and the mainstem bronchi (correct)

    • What is the name of the point where the trachea bifurcates into the right and left primary bronchi?

    <p>Carina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many C-rings of hyaline cartilage are embedded in the wall of the trachea?

    <p>16-20</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the bronchi that directly conduct air to and from one of the lung's five lobes?

    <p>Lobar/Secondary bronchi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the three anatomical regions of the pharynx?

    <p>Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, Laryngopharynx</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the location of the trachea in relation to the esophagus?

    <p>Anterior to the esophagus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the anatomical compartment that each lung lobe is divided into?

    <p>Bronchopulmonary segments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many bronchopulmonary segments are there in both the right and left lung?

    <p>10</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the diameter of a secondary pulmonary lobule?

    <p>1-3 centimeters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the smallest conducting tubule in the respiratory system?

    <p>Terminal bronchiole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structure that gives rise to bronchioles?

    <p>Tertiary bronchi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the diameter of an alveolus?

    <p>0.2-0.5 mm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the functional significance of bronchopulmonary segments?

    <p>They allow for different segments to function independently</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structure that protrudes from the walls of alveolar ducts and respiratory bronchioles?

    <p>Alveoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Pulmonary Capillaries?

    <p>Site for gas exchange</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells secrete surfactant in the alveoli?

    <p>Type II Pneumocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Bronchial Arteries?

    <p>Main blood supply to the tissues of the lung</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of Alveolar Ducts?

    <p>Give off alveoli only</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of Pulmonary Veins?

    <p>Carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells are found at the corners of the alveoli?

    <p>Type II Pneumocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Pulmonary Arteries?

    <p>Carry deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for an increase in breathing rate during exercise?

    <p>Increased CO2 concentration in the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What drives the pressure changes in the lungs during ventilation?

    <p>Changes in thoracic volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the increase in breathing rate at high altitudes?

    <p>Hypoxemic drive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the diaphragm in ventilation?

    <p>To increase lung volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between lung volume and intrapulmonary pressure?

    <p>As lung volume increases, intrapulmonary pressure decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of gas exchange between the air in the lungs and the blood?

    <p>External respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the driving force behind the increase in breathing rate during hypercapnic drive?

    <p>Increased CO2 concentration in the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the direction of O2 diffusion in the tissues?

    <p>From blood to tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Boyle's Law, what happens to the volume of a gas when the pressure is increased?

    <p>It decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the concentration of CO2 in blood and air?

    <p>CO2 concentration is higher in blood than in air</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the intrapulmonary pressure when we inhale?

    <p>It decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of Boyle's Law in the lungs during inhalation?

    <p>Air is forced into the lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the concentration of O2 in blood and tissues?

    <p>O2 concentration is higher in blood than in tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the chest during exhalation?

    <p>It compresses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of increased pressure on the volume of a gas?

    <p>The volume decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What measurement is represented by FEV1 in a spirometer test?

    <p>Forced expiratory volume in one second</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly defines Total Lung Capacity (TLC)?

    <p>The maximum volume of air the lungs can accommodate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of measuring FEV6 in spirometry?

    <p>To obtain a quick estimate of Forced Vital Capacity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) refer to?

    <p>The volume of air remaining in the lungs after normal expiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During a spirometry test, what task must patients perform?

    <p>Exhale forcefully into the spirometer for six seconds or more</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) mean?

    <p>The volume of air that can be inhaled after a normal breath</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which spirometric measure is considered an important indicator of airway diseases?

    <p>Forced Expiratory Volume in one second (FEV1)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between FEV1 and FEV6 measurements?

    <p>FEV1 is measured in one second, while FEV6 measures air over six seconds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which volume represents the air remaining in the lungs after a forced exhalation?

    <p>Residual Volume (RV)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is depicted as a quick method to assess lung and airway diseases during a spirometry test?

    <p>Assessing both FEV1 and FEV6</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Anatomy of the Pharynx

    • The pharynx is divided into three anatomical regions: Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, and Laryngopharynx
    • The nasopharynx has openings to the Eustachian tubes, which connect to the middle ear and help equalize pressure on both sides of the eardrum

    Larynx

    • The larynx has nine laryngeal cartilages (three paired and three single) that form a supportive skeletal framework for the vocal cords

    Trachea

    • The trachea (or windpipe) is a vertical tube that runs through the neck and chest, anterior to the esophagus
    • The trachea functions to conduct air between the larynx and the mainstem (primary) bronchi
    • The trachea has 16 to 20 tracheal C-rings made of hyaline cartilage embedded in its wall

    Bronchi

    • The trachea bifurcates into the right and left primary bronchi at the Carina
    • Each primary bronchus runs freely for a few centimeters, then enters its respective lung
    • The primary bronchi divide into secondary bronchi, which are also known as lobar bronchi
    • The tertiary bronchi branch from the secondary bronchi and give rise to bronchioles

    Lung Lobes and Bronchopulmonary Segments

    • Each of the five lung lobes is divided by connective tissue walls into anatomical compartments called bronchopulmonary segments
    • There are typically 10 segments in both the right and left lung
    • Each segment functions independently and is supplied by its own tertiary bronchus (or segmental bronchus), artery, vein, lymph vessels, and autonomic nerves

    Secondary Pulmonary Lobules

    • The bronchopulmonary segments are partitioned into many polygonal-shaped secondary pulmonary lobules
    • Each secondary pulmonary lobule measures approximately 1-3 centimeters in diameter and contains 3-5 terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli

    Terminus of the Airway

    • The respiratory bronchioles give rise to two or more alveolar ducts
    • Alveoli, which measure about 0.2 – 0.5 mm in diameter, protrude from the walls of the alveolar ducts and respiratory bronchioles

    Gas Exchange Tissue

    • Respiratory bronchioles give off alveoli and alveolar ducts
    • Alveolar ducts give off alveoli only
    • Alveolar sacs are spaces surrounded by clusters of alveoli
    • Type I Pneumocytes (epithelial cells), Type II Pneumocytes (surfactant cells), and macrophages are important cells of the alveoli

    Blood Flow Through Lungs

    • Pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs
    • Pulmonary capillaries are the site for gas exchange
    • Pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart
    • Bronchial arteries are the main blood supply to the tissues of the lung

    Basic Principles of Breathing

    • Ventilation is mechanical – air in/air out
    • Lungs inflate/deflate due to pressure changes
    • Pressure changes occur because of volume changes (Boyle's Law)
    • Inspiration: air pressure > intra-pulmonary pressure
    • Expiration: air pressure < intra-pulmonary pressure

    How Volume Affects Pressure: Boyle’s Law

    • Boyle's Law states that P1xV1 = P2xV2
    • The law describes the inverse relationship between volume and pressure of a gas at constant temperature
    • Boyle's Law applies to the action of the ventilatory muscles on the movement of air into and out of the lungs

    Pulmonary System: Anatomy

    • The nasal cavity is the first portion of the respiratory tract, serving as a vent for air exchange
    • Two openings called anterior nares (or nostrils) allow air to enter the nose and pass into the nasal cavity
    • Three turbinates on each side of the nasal cavity are covered by a thick layer of mucous membrane, where air is warmed, humidified, and cleaned when breathing in
    • The nasal cavity contains two posterior nares (or choanae) through which air passes into the pharynx
    • The sinuses include two frontal sinuses, several small ethmoid sinuses, two large maxillary sinuses, and two sphenoid sinuses
    • Mucus produced in the sinuses normally drains out of small apertures and adds to the mucus in the nasal cavity
    • The sinuses help lighten the skull and resonate the voice sounds

    Pharynx

    • The pharynx is a fibromuscular tube that conducts air from the nasal cavity to the larynx
    • The pharynx plays a role in regulating breathing rate in response to changes in carbon dioxide concentration and pH levels in the blood and CSF

    Respiratory Control Mechanisms

    • The peripheral and central chemoreceptors are sensitive to the pH of the blood and CSF
    • If the H+ concentration increases, the chemoreceptors tell the respiratory centers to speed up
    • Stretch receptors in the lungs and chest wall monitor the amount of stretch in these organs and prevent damage from over-inflation
    • Signals from higher brain centers, such as the hypothalamus and cortex, influence the activity of the respiratory centers
    • Chemical irritants in the airways trigger sneezing or coughing to remove the offending substance
    • The strongest influence on respiratory control is the carbon dioxide concentration in the blood and CSF, followed by the hydrogen ion concentration, and then the oxygen concentration

    Respiratory Control: Adapting to the Environment

    • The breathing control mechanisms adapt to different circumstances, such as changes in oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations in the blood and tissues
    • The concentration of oxygen in the blood is higher than in the air, while the concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood is higher than in the air
    • Oxygen utilization in cells affects the concentration of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood and tissues

    How Volume Affects Pressure: Boyle's Law

    • Boyle's Law states that P1xV1 = P2xV2, where P is pressure and V is volume
    • When pressure increases, volume decreases, and vice versa
    • A life-dependent example of Boyle's Law is the action of the ventilatory muscles on the movement of air into and out of the lungs during inhalation and exhalation

    Spirometry

    • The classic spirometer volumes include:
      • Normal Tidal Volume = ½ Liter
      • Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)
      • Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)
      • Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)
      • Residual Volume (RV)
      • Forced Vital Capacity (FVC)
      • Total Lung Capacity (TLC)
    • Modern spirometry measures FEV1 (air flow) and FEV6 (FVC) to help diagnose lung and airway diseases and monitor their response to treatment

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