Unit 4 Practice

Questions and Answers

What is the function of the Eustachian tubes?

To form a supportive skeletal framework for the vocal cords

To conduct air between the larynx and the mainstem bronchi

To divide into secondary bronchi

To equalize the pressure on both sides of the eardrum (correct)

How many laryngeal cartilages are there?

9 (correct)

What is the function of the trachea?

To divide into secondary bronchi

To equalize the pressure on both sides of the eardrum

To form a supportive skeletal framework for the vocal cords

To conduct air between the larynx and the mainstem bronchi (correct)

What is the name of the point where the trachea bifurcates into the right and left primary bronchi?

Carina Signup and view all the answers

How many C-rings of hyaline cartilage are embedded in the wall of the trachea?

16-20 Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the bronchi that directly conduct air to and from one of the lung's five lobes?

Lobar/Secondary bronchi Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the three anatomical regions of the pharynx?

Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, Laryngopharynx Signup and view all the answers

What is the location of the trachea in relation to the esophagus?

Anterior to the esophagus Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the anatomical compartment that each lung lobe is divided into?

Bronchopulmonary segments Signup and view all the answers

How many bronchopulmonary segments are there in both the right and left lung?

10 Signup and view all the answers

What is the diameter of a secondary pulmonary lobule?

1-3 centimeters Signup and view all the answers

What is the smallest conducting tubule in the respiratory system?

Terminal bronchiole Signup and view all the answers

What is the structure that gives rise to bronchioles?

Tertiary bronchi Signup and view all the answers

What is the diameter of an alveolus?

0.2-0.5 mm Signup and view all the answers

What is the functional significance of bronchopulmonary segments?

They allow for different segments to function independently Signup and view all the answers

What is the structure that protrudes from the walls of alveolar ducts and respiratory bronchioles?

Alveoli Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Pulmonary Capillaries?

Site for gas exchange Signup and view all the answers

What type of cells secrete surfactant in the alveoli?

Type II Pneumocytes Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Bronchial Arteries?

Main blood supply to the tissues of the lung Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of Alveolar Ducts?

Give off alveoli only Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of Pulmonary Veins?

Carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart Signup and view all the answers

What type of cells are found at the corners of the alveoli?

Type II Pneumocytes Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Pulmonary Arteries?

Carry deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for an increase in breathing rate during exercise?

Increased CO2 concentration in the blood Signup and view all the answers

What drives the pressure changes in the lungs during ventilation?

Changes in thoracic volume Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the increase in breathing rate at high altitudes?

Hypoxemic drive Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the diaphragm in ventilation?

To increase lung volume Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between lung volume and intrapulmonary pressure?

As lung volume increases, intrapulmonary pressure decreases Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process of gas exchange between the air in the lungs and the blood?

External respiration Signup and view all the answers

What is the driving force behind the increase in breathing rate during hypercapnic drive?

Increased CO2 concentration in the blood Signup and view all the answers

What is the direction of O2 diffusion in the tissues?

From blood to tissues Signup and view all the answers

According to Boyle's Law, what happens to the volume of a gas when the pressure is increased?

It decreases Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between the concentration of CO2 in blood and air?

CO2 concentration is higher in blood than in air Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the intrapulmonary pressure when we inhale?

It decreases Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of Boyle's Law in the lungs during inhalation?

Air is forced into the lungs Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between the concentration of O2 in blood and tissues?

O2 concentration is higher in blood than in tissues Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the chest during exhalation?

It compresses Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of increased pressure on the volume of a gas?

The volume decreases Signup and view all the answers

What measurement is represented by FEV1 in a spirometer test?

Forced expiratory volume in one second Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly defines Total Lung Capacity (TLC)?

The maximum volume of air the lungs can accommodate Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of measuring FEV6 in spirometry?

To obtain a quick estimate of Forced Vital Capacity Signup and view all the answers

What does the term Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) refer to?

The volume of air remaining in the lungs after normal expiration Signup and view all the answers

During a spirometry test, what task must patients perform?

Exhale forcefully into the spirometer for six seconds or more Signup and view all the answers

What does the term Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) mean?

The volume of air that can be inhaled after a normal breath Signup and view all the answers

Which spirometric measure is considered an important indicator of airway diseases?

Forced Expiratory Volume in one second (FEV1) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between FEV1 and FEV6 measurements?

FEV1 is measured in one second, while FEV6 measures air over six seconds Signup and view all the answers

Which volume represents the air remaining in the lungs after a forced exhalation?

Residual Volume (RV) Signup and view all the answers

What is depicted as a quick method to assess lung and airway diseases during a spirometry test?

Assessing both FEV1 and FEV6 Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Anatomy of the Pharynx

The pharynx is divided into three anatomical regions: Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, and Laryngopharynx
The nasopharynx has openings to the Eustachian tubes, which connect to the middle ear and help equalize pressure on both sides of the eardrum

Larynx

The larynx has nine laryngeal cartilages (three paired and three single) that form a supportive skeletal framework for the vocal cords

Trachea

The trachea (or windpipe) is a vertical tube that runs through the neck and chest, anterior to the esophagus
The trachea functions to conduct air between the larynx and the mainstem (primary) bronchi
The trachea has 16 to 20 tracheal C-rings made of hyaline cartilage embedded in its wall

Bronchi

The trachea bifurcates into the right and left primary bronchi at the Carina
Each primary bronchus runs freely for a few centimeters, then enters its respective lung
The primary bronchi divide into secondary bronchi, which are also known as lobar bronchi
The tertiary bronchi branch from the secondary bronchi and give rise to bronchioles

Lung Lobes and Bronchopulmonary Segments

Each of the five lung lobes is divided by connective tissue walls into anatomical compartments called bronchopulmonary segments
There are typically 10 segments in both the right and left lung
Each segment functions independently and is supplied by its own tertiary bronchus (or segmental bronchus), artery, vein, lymph vessels, and autonomic nerves

Secondary Pulmonary Lobules

The bronchopulmonary segments are partitioned into many polygonal-shaped secondary pulmonary lobules
Each secondary pulmonary lobule measures approximately 1-3 centimeters in diameter and contains 3-5 terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli

Terminus of the Airway

The respiratory bronchioles give rise to two or more alveolar ducts
Alveoli, which measure about 0.2 – 0.5 mm in diameter, protrude from the walls of the alveolar ducts and respiratory bronchioles

Gas Exchange Tissue

Respiratory bronchioles give off alveoli and alveolar ducts
Alveolar ducts give off alveoli only
Alveolar sacs are spaces surrounded by clusters of alveoli
Type I Pneumocytes (epithelial cells), Type II Pneumocytes (surfactant cells), and macrophages are important cells of the alveoli

Blood Flow Through Lungs

Pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs
Pulmonary capillaries are the site for gas exchange
Pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart
Bronchial arteries are the main blood supply to the tissues of the lung

Basic Principles of Breathing

Ventilation is mechanical – air in/air out
Lungs inflate/deflate due to pressure changes
Pressure changes occur because of volume changes (Boyle's Law)
Inspiration: air pressure > intra-pulmonary pressure
Expiration: air pressure < intra-pulmonary pressure

How Volume Affects Pressure: Boyle’s Law

Boyle's Law states that P1xV1 = P2xV2
The law describes the inverse relationship between volume and pressure of a gas at constant temperature
Boyle's Law applies to the action of the ventilatory muscles on the movement of air into and out of the lungs

Pulmonary System: Anatomy

The nasal cavity is the first portion of the respiratory tract, serving as a vent for air exchange
Two openings called anterior nares (or nostrils) allow air to enter the nose and pass into the nasal cavity
Three turbinates on each side of the nasal cavity are covered by a thick layer of mucous membrane, where air is warmed, humidified, and cleaned when breathing in
The nasal cavity contains two posterior nares (or choanae) through which air passes into the pharynx
The sinuses include two frontal sinuses, several small ethmoid sinuses, two large maxillary sinuses, and two sphenoid sinuses
Mucus produced in the sinuses normally drains out of small apertures and adds to the mucus in the nasal cavity
The sinuses help lighten the skull and resonate the voice sounds

Pharynx

The pharynx is a fibromuscular tube that conducts air from the nasal cavity to the larynx
The pharynx plays a role in regulating breathing rate in response to changes in carbon dioxide concentration and pH levels in the blood and CSF

Respiratory Control Mechanisms

The peripheral and central chemoreceptors are sensitive to the pH of the blood and CSF
If the H+ concentration increases, the chemoreceptors tell the respiratory centers to speed up
Stretch receptors in the lungs and chest wall monitor the amount of stretch in these organs and prevent damage from over-inflation
Signals from higher brain centers, such as the hypothalamus and cortex, influence the activity of the respiratory centers
Chemical irritants in the airways trigger sneezing or coughing to remove the offending substance
The strongest influence on respiratory control is the carbon dioxide concentration in the blood and CSF, followed by the hydrogen ion concentration, and then the oxygen concentration

Respiratory Control: Adapting to the Environment

The breathing control mechanisms adapt to different circumstances, such as changes in oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations in the blood and tissues
The concentration of oxygen in the blood is higher than in the air, while the concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood is higher than in the air
Oxygen utilization in cells affects the concentration of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood and tissues

How Volume Affects Pressure: Boyle's Law

Boyle's Law states that P1xV1 = P2xV2, where P is pressure and V is volume
When pressure increases, volume decreases, and vice versa
A life-dependent example of Boyle's Law is the action of the ventilatory muscles on the movement of air into and out of the lungs during inhalation and exhalation

Spirometry

The classic spirometer volumes include:
- Normal Tidal Volume = ½ Liter
- Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)
- Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)
- Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)
- Residual Volume (RV)
- Forced Vital Capacity (FVC)
- Total Lung Capacity (TLC)
Modern spirometry measures FEV1 (air flow) and FEV6 (FVC) to help diagnose lung and airway diseases and monitor their response to treatment

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This quiz explores the physiological changes that occur during exercise, including the impact on breathing rate and the underlying mechanisms.