Effects of Air Pollution on Respiratory System

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Questions and Answers

Which category of PM is often referred to as ultrafine particles?

PM≤0.1 µm (PM0.1) (correct)

PM≤2.5 µm (PM2.5)

PM≤5 µm (PM5)

PM≤10 µm (PM10)

What is the primary route of exposure for most vapours, gases, and particles?

Dermal absorption

Inhalation (correct)

Ingestion

Non-conventional routes

Which compound is often emitted from diesel exhaust (DE) and can react with NOx to form ground-level O3?

Carbon monoxide

Nitrogen oxides

Volatile organic compounds (correct)

Sulfur dioxide

What is one of the leading environmental threats to health around the world today?

Air pollution Signup and view all the answers

Which organization collaborated on the narrative review and position statement about mitigating the effects of air pollution exposure during sport and exercise?

The Canadian Academy of Sport and Exercise Medicine and the Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology Signup and view all the answers

What has become increasingly apparent to the general population in relation to air pollution and its effects on sport and exercise?

The impacts of air pollution episodes and climate change Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the position statement by the Canadian Academy of Sport and Exercise Medicine and the Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology?

To detail the current state of evidence and provide recommendations on implementing personal strategies to prevent and mitigate adverse health and performance effects of air pollution exposure during exercise Signup and view all the answers

What is the best-understood effect of particulate matter (PM) on physiological systems relevant for athletic performance?

Catalyzed harmful effects of inhaled pollutants Signup and view all the answers

What is a major source of ground-level O3 (ozone)?

Industrial facilities and electric utilities Signup and view all the answers

How does exercise impact the dose of air pollutants reaching the distal parts of the respiratory tract?

It increases the dose of air pollutants due to higher ventilation and transition to oral breathing Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential risk for para-athletes with high-level spinal cord injury in relation to air pollution exposure?

Greater risk due to larger dead space ventilation Signup and view all the answers

What does the limited evidence suggest about the impact of high-intensity exercise on health and performance effects of air pollution?

It exacerbates the health and performance effects of air pollution Signup and view all the answers

What was the main finding of the study regarding exercise intensities and air pollution?

Low-intensity and high-intensity cycling in high levels of air pollution did not produce differences in respiratory function or inflammation. Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended strategy to mitigate the effects of air pollution during exercise, according to the information provided?

Minimize the total inhaled dose of air pollution during an exercise bout. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key factor to consider when planning the location for outdoor exercise with regard to air pollution levels?

The distance from major roads and highways. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the Air Quality Health Index (AQHI) in Canada?

To reflect the combined impact of specific air pollutants on health Signup and view all the answers

Why is caution advised when directly comparing different air quality indices between countries?

There is a lack of international consensus on air quality standards Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential benefit of using low-cost wearable air pollution sensors for athletes?

To overcome the spatial and temporal limitations of fixed-site station-derived data Signup and view all the answers

Why might moving an exercise bout indoors when ambient pollution is high lead to increased exposure to indoor air pollutants?

The unintended consequences of increased indoor air pollutants from sources like disinfectants and cleaning agents Signup and view all the answers

What influences the ratio of indoor-outdoor air pollution concentrations in sporting facilities?

The type and sources of air pollutants, degree of infiltration, and available building ventilation Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the position statement by the Canadian Academy of Sport and Exercise Medicine and the Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology?

To detail the current state of evidence and provide recommendations on implementing personal strategies to prevent or mitigate adverse health and performance effects of air pollution exposure during exercise Signup and view all the answers

What compound is often emitted from diesel exhaust (DE) and can react with NOx to form ground-level O3?

Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) Signup and view all the answers

What is the best-understood effect of particulate matter (PM) on physiological systems relevant for athletic performance?

Reduced lung function and increased inflammation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following air pollutants contributes to the generation of smog and acid rain?

Nitrogen oxides (NOx) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary source of sulfur oxides (SO2) emissions?

Coal combustion Signup and view all the answers

Which compound, when combined with nitrogen oxides (NOx), reacts to form ground-level ozone (O3)?

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) Signup and view all the answers

How does exercise intensity generally affect the inhaled dose of air pollution?

It increases the inhaled dose due to a proportional increase in ventilation Signup and view all the answers

What did the study on differential responses to low-intensity and high-intensity exercise at high levels of PM reveal?

Both low-intensity and high-intensity exercise had comparable effects on lung function Signup and view all the answers

What was reported by Daigle et al30 regarding exercise bouts and air pollution exposure?

Exercise bouts led to a 4.5-fold higher deposition of UFPs in the respiratory tract Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the leading environmental threats to health around the world today, particularly in the context of sports and exercise?

Air pollution Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary route of exposure for most vapours, gases, and particles in the context of air pollution?

Inhalation Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the Air Quality Health Index (AQHI) in Canada?

Evaluating air quality and its effects on health Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended strategy to mitigate the effects of air pollution during exercise, according to the information provided?

Minimize the total inhaled dose of air pollution during an exercise bout Signup and view all the answers

What did the study find about the impact of low-intensity and high-intensity cycling in high levels of diesel exhaust (DE) on respiratory function and inflammation?

There were no differences in respiratory function or inflammation between low-intensity and high-intensity cycling Signup and view all the answers

When is air pollution generally lowest, according to the information provided?

Early in the morning Signup and view all the answers

What is one potential benefit of using low-cost wearable air pollution sensors for athletes?

Overcoming the spatial and temporal limitations of fixed-site station-derived air pollution estimates Signup and view all the answers

Why might moving an exercise bout indoors when ambient pollution is high lead to increased exposure to indoor pollutants?

The ratio of indoor-outdoor air pollution concentrations depends on the types and sources of air pollutants, degree of infiltration, and building ventilation Signup and view all the answers

What is a key factor that influences the ratio of indoor-outdoor air pollution concentrations in sporting facilities?

The use of natural building ventilation and infiltration Signup and view all the answers

What do low-cost wearable air pollution sensors theoretically allow for?

The timely assessment of personal air pollution levels Signup and view all the answers

What has World Athletics begun doing to address air pollution in athletic stadia?

Deploying air pollution sensors inside the main athletic stadia Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the Air Quality Health Index (AQHI) in Canada?

To provide a simple scale to communicate the health risks associated with air pollution Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended strategy to mitigate the effects of air pollution during exercise, according to the information provided?

Avoiding outdoor exercise during peak pollution hours Signup and view all the answers

What is the best-understood effect of particulate matter (PM) on physiological systems relevant for athletic performance?

Increased risk of cardiovascular diseases Signup and view all the answers

What influences the ratio of indoor-outdoor air pollution concentrations in sporting facilities?

The frequency of outdoor air exchange in the facilities Signup and view all the answers

What compound is often emitted from diesel exhaust (DE) and can react with NOx to form ground-level O3?

Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) Signup and view all the answers

What do low-cost wearable air pollution sensors theoretically allow for?

Real-time monitoring of air pollution levels during exercise Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the position statement by the Canadian Academy of Sport and Exercise Medicine and the Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology?

To provide recommendations on personal strategies to prevent or mitigate adverse health and performance effects of air pollution exposure during exercise Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the leading environmental threats to health around the world today?

Climate change Signup and view all the answers

What does the limited evidence suggest about the impact of high-intensity exercise on health and performance effects of air pollution?

High-intensity exercise exacerbates the adverse health effects of air pollution exposure Signup and view all the answers

Which compound, when combined with nitrogen oxides (NOx), reacts to form ground-level ozone (O3)?

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) Signup and view all the answers

What is one potential benefit of using low-cost wearable air pollution sensors for athletes?

To provide real-time data on air pollution levels during outdoor activities Signup and view all the answers

What is a major source of ground-level O3 (ozone)?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

Why is caution advised when directly comparing different air quality indices between countries?

Because air quality indices are not standardized globally Signup and view all the answers

What is a key factor that influences the ratio of indoor-outdoor air pollution concentrations in sporting facilities?

The ventilation system and air circulation in the facility Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential risk for para-athletes with high-level spinal cord injury in relation to air pollution exposure?

Increased risk due to compromised respiratory function Signup and view all the answers

When is air pollution generally lowest, according to the information provided?

At high altitudes Signup and view all the answers

What was reported by Daigle et al30 regarding exercise bouts and air pollution exposure?

Exercise bouts increase the inhalation of air pollutants Signup and view all the answers

Which air pollutant is often emitted from diesel exhaust (DE) and can react with NOx to form ground-level O3?

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) Signup and view all the answers

What compound is a product of incomplete combustion of hydrocarbon-based fuels and presents as a colorless, odourless, tasteless, but poisonous gas?

Carbon monoxide Signup and view all the answers

What compound irritates the eyes, mucous membranes, skin, and respiratory tract and can significantly affect the forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC)?

Sulfur dioxide Signup and view all the answers

Which category of particulate matter (PM) is often referred to as ultrafine particles?

PM≤0.1 µm (PM0.1) Signup and view all the answers

Which compound forms acids (sulfuric acid and sulfate) when dissolved in water vapor in the air and interacts with other gases and particles to form sulfates that can be harmful to the respiratory tract?

Sulfur dioxide Signup and view all the answers

Exposures to high concentrations of which air pollutant are associated with aggravated respiratory symptoms including coughing, wheezing, and difficulty breathing?

Nitrogen oxides Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom of carbon monoxide poisoning?

Dizziness Signup and view all the answers

Which compound contributes to the generation of smog and acid rain when it reacts with sunlight and water?

Nitrogen oxides Signup and view all the answers

What are volatile organic compounds (VOCs) often components of?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary route of exposure for most vapours, gases, and particles?

Inhalation Signup and view all the answers

What are nitrogen oxides primarily formed from during natural events such as forest fires or volcanic eruptions?

Sulfur oxides Signup and view all the answers

How do volatile organic compounds (VOCs) react when combined with nitrogen oxides?

They form ground-level ozone (O3) Signup and view all the answers

What did the study find about the impact of low-intensity and high-intensity cycling in high levels of diesel exhaust (DE) on respiratory function and inflammation?

Low-intensity exercise increased respiratory function and inflammation, while high-intensity did not have an exposure effect. Signup and view all the answers

What is a fundamental strategy to minimize the effects of air pollution during exercise?

Distancing oneself from air pollution sources by time and distance. Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended timing for outdoor workouts, based on the information provided?

Morning, as it is usually a low pollution time of day. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a factor affecting within-day variations in pollution exposure?

Seasonal changes Signup and view all the answers

What is a key consideration when planning the location for outdoor exercise with regard to air pollution levels?

Proximity to major roads and highways Signup and view all the answers

What can be used to obtain a good understanding of current and forecasted pollution levels for outdoor exercise planning?

Local government websites and apps Signup and view all the answers

What is typically monitored at multiple locations in larger urban centres for outdoor exercise planning?

(PM2.5) levels Signup and view all the answers

What is generally lowest early in the morning for outdoor exercise planning?

(PM2.5) levels Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential risk for para-athletes with high-level spinal cord injury in relation to air pollution exposure?

Expiratory muscle weakness leading to greater risk for PM accumulation Signup and view all the answers

What does the limited evidence suggest about the impact of high-intensity exercise on health and performance effects of air pollution?

There is insufficient evidence to draw any conclusions about the impact Signup and view all the answers

What did the study find about the impact of low-intensity and high-intensity cycling in high levels of diesel exhaust (DE) on respiratory function and inflammation?

Both low-intensity and high-intensity cycling had similar impacts on respiratory function and inflammation Signup and view all the answers

What has become increasingly apparent to the general population in relation to air pollution and its effects on sport and exercise?

The benefits of physical activity generally outweigh the health risks of air pollution Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the position statement by the Canadian Academy of Sport and Exercise Medicine and the Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology?

To propose evidence-informed strategies to mitigate the deleterious health and performance effects of air pollution during training and competition Signup and view all the answers

How does exercise intensity generally affect the inhaled dose of air pollution?

Exercise intensity increases the inhaled dose of air pollution Signup and view all the answers

What was reported by Daigle et al30 regarding exercise bouts and air pollution exposure?

Exercise resulted in a 4.5-fold higher deposition of UFPs in the respiratory tract Signup and view all the answers

Which compound is often emitted from diesel exhaust (DE) and can react with NOx to form ground-level O3?

Volatile organic compounds Signup and view all the answers

What is one potential benefit of using low-cost wearable air pollution sensors for athletes?

Enhanced awareness of personal exposure to outdoor air pollution Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the leading environmental threats to health around the world today?

Air pollution Signup and view all the answers

What do low-cost wearable air pollution sensors theoretically allow for?

Personalized tracking of individual exposure to outdoor air pollution Signup and view all the answers

What is one potential benefit of using low-cost wearable air pollution sensors for athletes?

Enhanced awareness of personal exposure to outdoor air pollution Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the Air Quality Health Index (AQHI) in Canada?

To reflect the additive effects of specific air pollutants on health Signup and view all the answers

Why is caution advised when directly comparing different air quality indices between countries?

Due to the lack of international consensus on air quality standards Signup and view all the answers

What influences the ratio of indoor-outdoor air pollution concentrations in sporting facilities?

The presence of open windows and natural building ventilation Signup and view all the answers

What can affordable, wearable air pollution sensors theoretically provide athletes with?

Immediate and hyperlocal exposure data Signup and view all the answers

What is typically monitored at multiple locations in larger urban centres for outdoor exercise planning?

Particulate matter (PM) concentration Signup and view all the answers

Why might moving an exercise bout indoors when ambient pollution is high lead to increased exposure to indoor pollutants?

As a result of high concentrations of outdoor pollutants penetrating into indoor spaces Signup and view all the answers

What category of PM is often referred to as ultrafine particles?

PM0.5 Signup and view all the answers

Which compound contributes to the generation of smog and acid rain when it reacts with sunlight and water?

$SO_2$ Signup and view all the answers

What are nitrogen oxides primarily formed from during natural events such as forest fires or volcanic eruptions?

$N_2$ in the atmosphere Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the leading environmental threats to health around the world today?

The generation of smog and acid rain due to air pollutants Signup and view all the answers

How does exercise intensity generally affect the inhaled dose of air pollution?

The inhaled dose increases with higher exercise intensity Signup and view all the answers

What do low-cost wearable air pollution sensors theoretically allow for?

The ability to independently acquire immediate and hyperlocal exposure data for athletes Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the narrative review and position statement by the Canadian Academy of Sport and Exercise Medicine and the Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology?

Mitigating the effects of air pollution exposure during sport and exercise Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential benefit of using low-cost wearable air pollution sensors for athletes?

Obtaining real-time information about air pollution levels for outdoor exercise planning Signup and view all the answers

What is the best-understood effect of particulate matter (PM) on physiological systems relevant for athletic performance?

Impaired respiratory function and inflammation in polluted environments Signup and view all the answers

What does the limited evidence suggest about the impact of high-intensity exercise on health and performance effects of air pollution?

High-intensity exercise exacerbates the negative effects of air pollution on health Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended strategy to mitigate the effects of air pollution during exercise, according to the information provided?

Moving exercise indoors when ambient pollution is high Signup and view all the answers

What influences the ratio of indoor-outdoor air pollution concentrations in sporting facilities?

The design and ventilation of the sporting facilities Signup and view all the answers

Which air pollutant is associated with aggravated respiratory symptoms including coughing, wheezing, and difficulty breathing?

Nitrogen oxides Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential alternative to reduce exposure to outdoor air pollution during exercise?

Exercising indoors Signup and view all the answers

Which compound is often emitted from diesel exhaust (DE) and can react with nitrogen oxides (NOx) to form ground-level ozone (O3)?

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) Signup and view all the answers

What factor influences the ratio of indoor-outdoor air pollution concentrations in sporting facilities?

The type of sporting facility Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary route of exposure for most vapours, gases, and particles in the context of air pollution?

Inhalation Signup and view all the answers

What is a common source of air pollution in ice hockey arenas or skating rinks?

Propane-powered or gasoline-powered ice resurfacing machines Signup and view all the answers

Which compound forms acids (sulfuric acid and sulfate) when dissolved in water vapor in the air and interacts with other gases and particles to form harmful sulfates?

Sulfur dioxide Signup and view all the answers

What did the South Coast Air Quality Management District in California provide an objective evaluation of?

Low-cost wearable air pollution sensors Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential risk for asthmatics in relation to sulfur oxides (SOx)?

Aggravated respiratory symptoms and decreased lung function Signup and view all the answers

What does natural building ventilation and infiltration influence?

The ratio of indoor-outdoor air pollution concentrations Signup and view all the answers

What compound is a product of incomplete combustion of hydrocarbon-based fuels and presents as a colorless, odourless, poisonous gas?

Carbon monoxide Signup and view all the answers

What was reported by Weichenthal et al regarding the cardiovascular responses to cycling in outdoor or indoor settings?

Similar PM2.5 levels indoors and outdoors Signup and view all the answers

Exposure to which kind of particle is associated with negative effects on respiratory and cardiovascular health, including alterations in respiratory symptoms, lung function, oxidative stress, inflammation, heart rate, blood pressure, and cognition?

$PM_{2.5}$ Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential benefit of using low-cost wearable air pollution sensors for athletes?

Overcoming spatial and temporal limitations of fixed-site station-derived estimates Signup and view all the answers

What compound is released primarily from fuel combustion and contributes to the generation of smog and acid rain?

Nitrogen oxides Signup and view all the answers

What is a key consideration for planning the location for outdoor exercise with regard to air pollution levels?

The types and sources of air pollutants Signup and view all the answers

What do volatile organic compounds (VOCs) react with to form ground-level ozone?

Nitrogen oxides Signup and view all the answers

What influences indoor air quality in sporting facilities?

The presence of open windows Signup and view all the answers

What are volatile organic compounds (VOCs) often components of?

Hydrocarbon-based fuels Signup and view all the answers

According to the information provided, what is one potential drawback of moving an exercise bout indoors?

Increased exposure to indoor air pollutants Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common source of carbon monoxide emissions?

Residential wood heating Signup and view all the answers

What is a factor that may influence the effectiveness of using indoor exercise as an alternative to reduce exposure to outdoor air pollution?

The degree of infiltration and available building ventilation Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary targets of organ damage in carbon monoxide poisoning?

Central nervous system Signup and view all the answers

What do low-cost wearable air pollution sensors theoretically allow for?

Overcoming spatial and temporal limitations of fixed-site station-derived estimates Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the position statement by the Canadian Academy of Sport and Exercise Medicine and the Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology?

What is the best-understood effect of particulate matter (PM) on physiological systems relevant for athletic performance?

Impaired respiratory function Signup and view all the answers

What compound contributes to the generation of smog and acid rain when it reacts with sunlight and water?

Nitrogen oxides (NOx) Signup and view all the answers

What are nitrogen oxides primarily formed from during natural events such as forest fires or volcanic eruptions?

Atmospheric nitrogen and oxygen Signup and view all the answers

What compound is a product of incomplete combustion of hydrocarbon-based fuels and presents as a colorless, odourless, tasteless, but poisonous gas?

Carbon monoxide (CO) Signup and view all the answers

What is one potential benefit of using low-cost wearable air pollution sensors for athletes?

To monitor air pollution conditions for locations of interest Signup and view all the answers

Why might moving an exercise bout indoors when ambient pollution is high lead to increased exposure to indoor air pollutants?

The indoor environment traps outdoor pollutants more effectively than the outdoor environment Signup and view all the answers

What is typically monitored at multiple locations in larger urban centres for outdoor exercise planning?

$NO_2$ levels Signup and view all the answers

What has World Athletics begun doing to address air pollution in athletic stadia?

$NO_2$ and $O_3$ monitoring at all athletic stadia Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the leading environmental threats to health around the world today?

Air pollution, particularly in the context of sports and exercise Signup and view all the answers

What is one potential benefit of implementing personal strategies to reduce exposure to air pollution during exercise?

Minimized adverse health and performance effects of air pollution exposure Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal in relation to air pollution during an exercise bout, based on the information provided?

To minimize the total inhaled dose of air pollution Signup and view all the answers

What did the study find about the impact of low-intensity and high-intensity cycling in high levels of diesel exhaust (DE) on respiratory function and inflammation?

Both low-intensity and high-intensity cycling had a significant impact Signup and view all the answers

When is air pollution generally lowest, according to the information provided?

Early in the morning Signup and view all the answers

What is one relevant strategy mentioned to mitigate the effects of air pollution during exercise, based on the information provided?

Physically distancing oneself from sources of air pollution Signup and view all the answers

What can be used to obtain a good understanding of current and forecasted pollution levels for outdoor exercise planning, according to the information provided?

Local government websites and apps Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary source of sulfur oxides (SO2) emissions, based on the information provided?

Industrial processes Signup and view all the answers

What should athletes consider participating in events when local seasonal events (e.g. wildfires, haze) are less likely, based on the information provided?

Participating when local seasonal events are less likely Signup and view all the answers

What is a key factor that influences the ratio of indoor-outdoor air pollution concentrations in sporting facilities, based on the information provided?

Ventilation systems Signup and view all the answers

What category of particulate matter (PM) is often referred to as ultrafine particles, based on the information provided?

PM0.1 Signup and view all the answers

What did the study report regarding exercise bouts and air pollution exposure, based on the information provided?

No impact was observed on respiratory function or inflammation Signup and view all the answers

What compound is often emitted from diesel exhaust (DE) and can react with NOx to form ground-level O3, as per the information provided?

Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) Signup and view all the answers

What compound is a product of incomplete combustion of hydrocarbon-based fuels and presents as a colorless, odourless, tasteless, but poisonous gas, based on the information provided?

Carbon monoxide (CO) Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential impact of chemicals on tissue in the upper respiratory tract or lungs?

Both simple irritation and severe tissue damage Signup and view all the answers

How do increases in minute ventilation (V̇ E) and transitions from nasal to oral breathing affect the dose of air pollutants reaching the respiratory tract during exercise?

Increase the dose of air pollutants reaching the respiratory tract Signup and view all the answers

In high-level spinal cord injury, what factor may put para-athletes at a greater risk for particulate matter (PM) accumulation?

Decreased airflow and exchange Signup and view all the answers

Which air pollutant has the most convincing interaction with exercise in terms of long-term effects?

Ozone (O3) Signup and view all the answers

What did the large study from Denmark with relatively low exposures to NO2 report about the interaction effects between air pollution exposure and physical activity levels on mortality and health conditions?

No interaction effects on mortality and health conditions Signup and view all the answers

According to a recent mapping review, what does the evidence suggest about the health benefits of physical activity compared to the health risks of air pollution in healthy individuals?

Health benefits generally outweigh health risks Signup and view all the answers

What is recommended by public health agencies regarding intense activities during periods of poor air quality?

Complete avoidance of intense activities Signup and view all the answers

What impact did a study find about low-intensity and high-intensity exercise performed at high levels of particulate matter (PM)?

(V̇ E=80 L/min) and (V̇ E=112 L/min) had similar lung function decrements Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Air Pollution and Exercise

Air pollution is one of the leading environmental threats to health around the world today.
The primary route of exposure for most vapors, gases, and particles is through inhalation.

Particulate Matter (PM)

PM is often referred to as ultrafine particles, which can have a significant impact on athletic performance.
The best-understood effect of PM on physiological systems relevant for athletic performance is its impact on the respiratory system.

Diesel Exhaust (DE)

DE is a major source of ground-level ozone (O3).
Particle emissions from DE can react with NOx to form ground-level O3.

Nitrogen Oxides (NOx)

NOx is primarily formed from during natural events such as forest fires or volcanic eruptions.
When combined with volatile organic compounds (VOCs), NOx reacts to form ground-level O3.

Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)

VOCs are often components of industrial emissions and can react with NOx to form ground-level O3.
They are also a key contributor to the generation of smog and acid rain.

Sulfur Oxides (SO2)

SO2 is primarily formed from industrial emissions and can react with water vapor to form sulfuric acid and sulfate.
It is a key contributor to the generation of smog and acid rain.

Carbon Monoxide (CO)

CO is a product of incomplete combustion of hydrocarbon-based fuels and presents as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, but poisonous gas.
Exposures to high concentrations of CO are associated with aggravated respiratory symptoms including coughing, wheezing, and difficulty breathing.

Air Quality Health Index (AQHI)

The AQHI is a tool used to provide the public with information on the health risks associated with air pollution.
The primary purpose of the AQHI in Canada is to provide a standardized system for reporting air quality.

Mitigating the Effects of Air Pollution

One potential benefit of using low-cost wearable air pollution sensors for athletes is to obtain real-time data on air pollution levels.
The recommended strategy to mitigate the effects of air pollution during exercise is to plan outdoor workouts during times when pollution levels are lowest.
Moving an exercise bout indoors when ambient pollution is high can lead to increased exposure to indoor pollutants.

Exercise and Air Pollution

Exercise intensity generally affects the inhaled dose of air pollution, with higher intensities increasing the dose.
The limited evidence suggests that high-intensity exercise may have a greater impact on health and performance effects of air pollution.

Indoor and Outdoor Air Pollution

The ratio of indoor-outdoor air pollution concentrations in sporting facilities can vary depending on factors such as ventilation and air exchange rates.
A key factor to consider when planning the location for outdoor exercise with regard to air pollution levels is the proximity to industrial sources and traffic.

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Description

This quiz explores the potential effects of chemical exposure and air pollution on the respiratory system, ranging from irritation to severe tissue damage. It also covers the circulation and distribution of substances to organs, and the impact of air pollution on breathing patterns during exercise.