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Questions and Answers
What specific change occurs in the uterus during early pregnancy as a result of hormonal influence?
What specific change occurs in the uterus during early pregnancy as a result of hormonal influence?
Which sign is indicated by increased vascularity and results in a bluish discoloration of the cervix during pregnancy?
Which sign is indicated by increased vascularity and results in a bluish discoloration of the cervix during pregnancy?
What changes occur to the fallopian tubes and ovaries during early pregnancy?
What changes occur to the fallopian tubes and ovaries during early pregnancy?
What characterizes the changes in the vaginal walls during pregnancy?
What characterizes the changes in the vaginal walls during pregnancy?
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What happens to the isthmus of the uterus in the first trimester of pregnancy?
What happens to the isthmus of the uterus in the first trimester of pregnancy?
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What characterizes a normal pregnancy?
What characterizes a normal pregnancy?
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How is gestational age calculated?
How is gestational age calculated?
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What does the antepartum period encompass?
What does the antepartum period encompass?
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Which statement about the physiological changes during pregnancy is true?
Which statement about the physiological changes during pregnancy is true?
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How many trimesters is a typical pregnancy divided into?
How many trimesters is a typical pregnancy divided into?
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What is the duration of the first trimester in a typical pregnancy?
What is the duration of the first trimester in a typical pregnancy?
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Which physiological system does NOT undergo significant changes during pregnancy?
Which physiological system does NOT undergo significant changes during pregnancy?
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What is the expected gestational age at which fetal growth is regarded normal?
What is the expected gestational age at which fetal growth is regarded normal?
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What effect does progesterone have on the gastrointestinal system during pregnancy?
What effect does progesterone have on the gastrointestinal system during pregnancy?
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What is the primary cause of morning sickness in pregnant women?
What is the primary cause of morning sickness in pregnant women?
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How does the urinary system adapt during pregnancy?
How does the urinary system adapt during pregnancy?
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Which of the following describes the skin changes during pregnancy?
Which of the following describes the skin changes during pregnancy?
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What physiological change occurs in the gall bladder during pregnancy?
What physiological change occurs in the gall bladder during pregnancy?
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What is the role of human placental lactogen (HPL) during pregnancy?
What is the role of human placental lactogen (HPL) during pregnancy?
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What symptoms are associated with epulis in pregnant women?
What symptoms are associated with epulis in pregnant women?
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Which symptom is related to the increased abdominal pressure from a heavy uterus?
Which symptom is related to the increased abdominal pressure from a heavy uterus?
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What hormone is primarily responsible for the relaxation of ligaments and muscles during the later stages of pregnancy?
What hormone is primarily responsible for the relaxation of ligaments and muscles during the later stages of pregnancy?
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Which metabolic change occurs during the second half of pregnancy regarding the basal metabolic rate (BMR)?
Which metabolic change occurs during the second half of pregnancy regarding the basal metabolic rate (BMR)?
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What physiological change during pregnancy is characterized by a disproportionate increase in plasma and RBC volume, leading to lowered hemoglobin and haematocrit?
What physiological change during pregnancy is characterized by a disproportionate increase in plasma and RBC volume, leading to lowered hemoglobin and haematocrit?
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What is the total recommended weight gain during pregnancy according to standard guidelines?
What is the total recommended weight gain during pregnancy according to standard guidelines?
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Which of the following is NOT a common emotion experienced during the first trimester of pregnancy?
Which of the following is NOT a common emotion experienced during the first trimester of pregnancy?
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Which of the following factors contributes to the risk of thrombosis and embolism during mid to late pregnancy?
Which of the following factors contributes to the risk of thrombosis and embolism during mid to late pregnancy?
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In which trimester is a pregnant individual likely to experience increased anxiety and impatience as common emotions?
In which trimester is a pregnant individual likely to experience increased anxiety and impatience as common emotions?
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What clinical manifestation is associated with Supine Hypotensive Syndrome in pregnant individuals?
What clinical manifestation is associated with Supine Hypotensive Syndrome in pregnant individuals?
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What causes the hyperventilation and shortness of breath experienced by pregnant individuals in late pregnancy?
What causes the hyperventilation and shortness of breath experienced by pregnant individuals in late pregnancy?
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Which psychological factor does NOT influence the psychosocial effects of pregnancy?
Which psychological factor does NOT influence the psychosocial effects of pregnancy?
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What is the primary energy increase in daily caloric intake recommended during pregnancy?
What is the primary energy increase in daily caloric intake recommended during pregnancy?
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The relaxations of arterial walls during pregnancy are primarily influenced by which hormone?
The relaxations of arterial walls during pregnancy are primarily influenced by which hormone?
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Which symptom is commonly associated with carpal tunnel syndrome during pregnancy?
Which symptom is commonly associated with carpal tunnel syndrome during pregnancy?
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Which of the following best describes the changes in blood pressure by mid-pregnancy?
Which of the following best describes the changes in blood pressure by mid-pregnancy?
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How does iron metabolism change during the last trimester of pregnancy?
How does iron metabolism change during the last trimester of pregnancy?
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What physiological condition is characterized by hyperemic and edema of the respiratory tract mucosa in pregnant individuals?
What physiological condition is characterized by hyperemic and edema of the respiratory tract mucosa in pregnant individuals?
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Study Notes
Learning Objectives
- Define menstrual/gestational age, fertilization/ovulatory age, antepartum period, and normal pregnancy.
- Explain physiological and psychological changes during normal pregnancy.
Normal Pregnancy
- Characterized by typical physiological changes without significant complications.
- Full-term duration ranges from 37 to 42 weeks, averaging 40 weeks.
- Associated with normal fetal growth and maternal health.
Gestational Age
- Calculated from the first day of the last menstrual period (LMP).
- Example: 8 weeks pregnant means 8 weeks since LMP.
Antepartum Period
- The duration of pregnancy from conception until the onset of labor.
Trimesters of Pregnancy
- Divided into three trimesters:
- First Trimester: Up to 12 weeks
- Second Trimester: 13 to 28 weeks
- Third Trimester: 29 to 40 weeks
Physiological Changes During Pregnancy
- Involves progressive anatomical and physiological adaptations to support fetal growth.
- Changes influenced by hormones and external factors.
Reproductive System
- External Genitalia: Edema and increased vascularity; pigmentation and varicosities in labia minora.
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Internal Genitalia:
- Uterus increases from 60g to 900g; hypertrophy and hyperplasia under estrogen and progesterone.
- Increased uterine blood supply and changes in position leading to urinary frequency.
- Changes in isthmus and cervix include increased vascularity and softening.
Circulatory System
- Blood volume increases by 30%; cardiac output rises to 5-7 liters/min.
- Plasma volume increases by 50% leading to physiological anemia.
- Hypercoagulability state increases risk for thrombosis.
- Blood pressure variations occur throughout pregnancy, particularly lowering mid-pregnancy.
Respiratory System
- Oxygen requirements increase by 20%.
- Relaxation of pulmonary muscles; possible shortness of breath in late stages.
Gastro-Intestinal System
- Common issues include gingival hypertrophy, heartburn, and constipation due to hormone-induced muscle relaxation.
- Changes in taste and cravings, including pica.
Urinary System
- Increased glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and renal pelvis dilation.
- Frequency increases, especially in early and late pregnancy, due to uterine pressure.
Integumentary System
- Increased sweating and altered pigmentation, leading to conditions like chloasma and striae gravidarum.
Endocrine System
- Enlargement of thyroid glands; insulin resistance increases due to human placental lactogen.
Musculo-Skeletal System
- Ligaments relax, accommodating growth in pelvic capacity.
Nervous System
- Risk of carpal tunnel syndrome due to median nerve compression.
- Mood swings and potential psychosis, especially with family history.
Metabolic Changes
- Basal metabolic rate (BMR) increases by 30% in later pregnancy.
- Daily energy requirements increase by 300k calories.
Weight Gain and Water Metabolism
- Average total weight gain is about 12 kg, with specific distribution over the trimesters.
Psychological Changes in Pregnancy
- Influenced by factors like general health, age, emotional maturity, and socioeconomic status.
- First Trimester: Shock and ambivalence.
- Second Trimester: Calmness and anticipation as fetal movement is felt.
- Third Trimester: Increased anxiety and readiness for childbirth.
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Description
Explore the physiological and psychological changes that occur during normal pregnancy. This quiz is designed to test your understanding of key concepts related to menstrual and gestational aspects. Perfect for nursing students and those interested in maternal health.
