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Stocky body and shorter limbs create smaller body surface area to volume ratio to prevent excessive heat loss in a ______ climate.
Stocky body and shorter limbs create smaller body surface area to volume ratio to prevent excessive heat loss in a ______ climate.
cold
The Nunavik Inuit population has gene flow from European and Native American populations, making them ______.
The Nunavik Inuit population has gene flow from European and Native American populations, making them ______.
genetically distinct
A high fat diet leads to reduced levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) known as 'bad ______'.
A high fat diet leads to reduced levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) known as 'bad ______'.
cholesterol
CPT1A encodes the enzyme Carnitine Palmitoyltransferase, essential for fatty acid ______.
CPT1A encodes the enzyme Carnitine Palmitoyltransferase, essential for fatty acid ______.
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The process in which glucose is produced in the body from non-carbohydrate sources is called ______.
The process in which glucose is produced in the body from non-carbohydrate sources is called ______.
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Lactate, pyruvate, and glutamate from diets high in fatty foods and proteins feed into the ______ cycle.
Lactate, pyruvate, and glutamate from diets high in fatty foods and proteins feed into the ______ cycle.
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Individuals not well adapted to the environment may leave the population by death or ______.
Individuals not well adapted to the environment may leave the population by death or ______.
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The ______ response is involved in fatty acid metabolism and oxidative stress, encoded by the ICAM5 gene.
The ______ response is involved in fatty acid metabolism and oxidative stress, encoded by the ICAM5 gene.
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Larger eyes and brain improve visual ability at low light intensities present at ______ altitudes.
Larger eyes and brain improve visual ability at low light intensities present at ______ altitudes.
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A diet consisting of 50% monosaturated fats and omega-3 fatty acids is crucial for their ______.
A diet consisting of 50% monosaturated fats and omega-3 fatty acids is crucial for their ______.
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The process of gluconeogenesis is particularly important due to a lack of ______.
The process of gluconeogenesis is particularly important due to a lack of ______.
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The ______ is the main site for gluconeogenesis in the body.
The ______ is the main site for gluconeogenesis in the body.
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Carnitine Palmitoyltransferase is essential for ______ oxidation.
Carnitine Palmitoyltransferase is essential for ______ oxidation.
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Population migration led to the ______ effect, resulting in genetic distinctions.
Population migration led to the ______ effect, resulting in genetic distinctions.
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Individuals not well adapted to the environment leave the population through ______.
Individuals not well adapted to the environment leave the population through ______.
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The gene FADS1 is involved in the processing of omega-3 and ______ fatty acids.
The gene FADS1 is involved in the processing of omega-3 and ______ fatty acids.
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What distinguishes the Inuit population in terms of their adaptation to the Arctic environment?
What distinguishes the Inuit population in terms of their adaptation to the Arctic environment?
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What is the allele frequency of the alternatively splicing variant in CPNE7 in the Nunavik Inuit population?
What is the allele frequency of the alternatively splicing variant in CPNE7 in the Nunavik Inuit population?
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Which group of indigenous people does the Inuit population belong to?
Which group of indigenous people does the Inuit population belong to?
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What evolutionary process is characterized by nearly no ancestry from other present-day populations in the Nunavik Inuit?
What evolutionary process is characterized by nearly no ancestry from other present-day populations in the Nunavik Inuit?
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Where did the ancestors of the Inuit, known as Thule People, originally migrate from?
Where did the ancestors of the Inuit, known as Thule People, originally migrate from?
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Which protein encoded by CPNE7 is primarily associated with cell adhesion and migration?
Which protein encoded by CPNE7 is primarily associated with cell adhesion and migration?
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Which of the following statements is true regarding the climate experienced by the Inuit population?
Which of the following statements is true regarding the climate experienced by the Inuit population?
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Which environmental adaptation is reflected in the distinct genetic combinations of the Nunavik Inuit population?
Which environmental adaptation is reflected in the distinct genetic combinations of the Nunavik Inuit population?
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What defines the ICAM5 protein's role in the Nunavik Inuit population's health?
What defines the ICAM5 protein's role in the Nunavik Inuit population's health?
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What is the significance of the term 'Eskimo' in relation to the Inuit population?
What is the significance of the term 'Eskimo' in relation to the Inuit population?
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What factor contributed to the distinct genetic traits of the Canadian Inuit population?
What factor contributed to the distinct genetic traits of the Canadian Inuit population?
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Which factor did NOT contribute to the genetic distinction of the Nunavik Inuit from other Arctic indigenous populations?
Which factor did NOT contribute to the genetic distinction of the Nunavik Inuit from other Arctic indigenous populations?
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Which Arctic regions do the Inuit population primarily inhabit?
Which Arctic regions do the Inuit population primarily inhabit?
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What is a key characteristic of the ICAM5 variants in the Nunavik Inuit population?
What is a key characteristic of the ICAM5 variants in the Nunavik Inuit population?
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What important aspect of migration is identified in the history of the Nunavik Inuit?
What important aspect of migration is identified in the history of the Nunavik Inuit?
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What role does insulin play in hyperplasia?
What role does insulin play in hyperplasia?
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What is the significance of the CPT1A variant found in the Nunavik Inuit population?
What is the significance of the CPT1A variant found in the Nunavik Inuit population?
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The genetic architecture of the Nunavik Inuit is primarily influenced by genealogy from which of the following?
The genetic architecture of the Nunavik Inuit is primarily influenced by genealogy from which of the following?
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Which enzyme is encoded by the FADS1 gene?
Which enzyme is encoded by the FADS1 gene?
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What physiological adaptation helps prevent excessive heat loss in cold climates?
What physiological adaptation helps prevent excessive heat loss in cold climates?
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What is the function of the CPT1 enzyme in the body?
What is the function of the CPT1 enzyme in the body?
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What has the study shown about the allele frequencies of the Nunavik Inuit compared to Han Chinese and European populations?
What has the study shown about the allele frequencies of the Nunavik Inuit compared to Han Chinese and European populations?
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Which food source primarily contributes to the traditional diet of the Nunavik Inuit?
Which food source primarily contributes to the traditional diet of the Nunavik Inuit?
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What is the significance of lower fasting insulin levels in the diets of the Nunavik Inuit?
What is the significance of lower fasting insulin levels in the diets of the Nunavik Inuit?
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What type of diet is believed to drive natural selection on the FADS1 gene in the Nunavik Inuit?
What type of diet is believed to drive natural selection on the FADS1 gene in the Nunavik Inuit?
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What role does gluconeogenesis play in the metabolism of the Nunavik Inuit?
What role does gluconeogenesis play in the metabolism of the Nunavik Inuit?
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What characteristic of the Nunavik Inuit's genetic distinctions is noted in relation to gene flow?
What characteristic of the Nunavik Inuit's genetic distinctions is noted in relation to gene flow?
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Which of the following is true about the adaptation to high fat diets in the Nunavik Inuit?
Which of the following is true about the adaptation to high fat diets in the Nunavik Inuit?
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What adaptation occurs in the liver of the Nunavik Inuit to support their high-fat diet?
What adaptation occurs in the liver of the Nunavik Inuit to support their high-fat diet?
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How do the fatty foods and protein in the Nunavik Inuit diet affect their TCA cycle?
How do the fatty foods and protein in the Nunavik Inuit diet affect their TCA cycle?
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What is the primary reason for the physiological adaptations seen in the Nunavik Inuit regarding their diet?
What is the primary reason for the physiological adaptations seen in the Nunavik Inuit regarding their diet?
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What role do the proteins encoded by CPNE7 and ICAM5 play in the Nunavik Inuit population?
What role do the proteins encoded by CPNE7 and ICAM5 play in the Nunavik Inuit population?
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Which evolutionary process is exemplified by the Nunavik Inuit population's genetic composition?
Which evolutionary process is exemplified by the Nunavik Inuit population's genetic composition?
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How does natural selection manifest in the Nunavik Inuit population in relation to their environment?
How does natural selection manifest in the Nunavik Inuit population in relation to their environment?
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What is a notable genetic characteristic of the ICAM5 gene among the Nunavik Inuit population?
What is a notable genetic characteristic of the ICAM5 gene among the Nunavik Inuit population?
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Which factor significantly contributes to the distinct genetic traits observed in the Nunavik Inuit population?
Which factor significantly contributes to the distinct genetic traits observed in the Nunavik Inuit population?
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What describes the allele frequency of the alternatively splicing variant in CPNE7 among the Nunavik Inuit?
What describes the allele frequency of the alternatively splicing variant in CPNE7 among the Nunavik Inuit?
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Which mechanism directly results in the Nunavik Inuit population's lack of ancestry from contemporary populations?
Which mechanism directly results in the Nunavik Inuit population's lack of ancestry from contemporary populations?
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What is a critical function of the proteins encoded by the CPNE7 gene?
What is a critical function of the proteins encoded by the CPNE7 gene?
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What physiological adaptation aids in heat retention for populations in cold climates?
What physiological adaptation aids in heat retention for populations in cold climates?
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Which factor contributes to the Nunavik Inuit's lower risk of cardiovascular disease?
Which factor contributes to the Nunavik Inuit's lower risk of cardiovascular disease?
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What dietary component primarily supports the energy needs of the Nunavik Inuit?
What dietary component primarily supports the energy needs of the Nunavik Inuit?
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How does the liver adapt to a high-fat diet in the Nunavik Inuit population?
How does the liver adapt to a high-fat diet in the Nunavik Inuit population?
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Which physiological change is most likely to occur in response to a traditional high-fat Inuit diet?
Which physiological change is most likely to occur in response to a traditional high-fat Inuit diet?
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What is a key component of the unique metabolic adaptation seen in the Nunavik Inuit?
What is a key component of the unique metabolic adaptation seen in the Nunavik Inuit?
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What is the significance of omega-3 fatty acids in the diet of the Nunavik Inuit?
What is the significance of omega-3 fatty acids in the diet of the Nunavik Inuit?
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What metabolic advantage do Nunavik Inuit have due to their traditional dietary practices?
What metabolic advantage do Nunavik Inuit have due to their traditional dietary practices?
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What is a characteristic feature of the Thule People in relation to their descendants?
What is a characteristic feature of the Thule People in relation to their descendants?
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What climatic conditions do the Nunavik Inuit primarily adapt to?
What climatic conditions do the Nunavik Inuit primarily adapt to?
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Which genetic adaptation is associated with the high-fat diets of the Nunavik Inuit?
Which genetic adaptation is associated with the high-fat diets of the Nunavik Inuit?
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What physiological adaptation contributes to the Nunavik Inuit's survival in cold climates?
What physiological adaptation contributes to the Nunavik Inuit's survival in cold climates?
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What defines the genetic distinction of the Nunavik Inuit from other Arctic indigenous populations?
What defines the genetic distinction of the Nunavik Inuit from other Arctic indigenous populations?
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What factor primarily contributes to the distinct genetic traits of the Canadian Inuit population?
What factor primarily contributes to the distinct genetic traits of the Canadian Inuit population?
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Which of the following accurately describes the traditional diet of the Nunavik Inuit?
Which of the following accurately describes the traditional diet of the Nunavik Inuit?
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How does high fasting insulin influence cellular activity in the body?
How does high fasting insulin influence cellular activity in the body?
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What unique genetic feature is noted in the CPT1A variant of the Nunavik Inuit population?
What unique genetic feature is noted in the CPT1A variant of the Nunavik Inuit population?
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What dietary component is believed to drive the selection of the FADS1 gene in the Nunavik Inuit?
What dietary component is believed to drive the selection of the FADS1 gene in the Nunavik Inuit?
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Which population did the Nunavik Inuit genetic architecture show little evidence of gene flow from?
Which population did the Nunavik Inuit genetic architecture show little evidence of gene flow from?
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What is the primary function of the Carnitine Palmitoyltransferase 1A enzyme encoded by the CPT1A gene?
What is the primary function of the Carnitine Palmitoyltransferase 1A enzyme encoded by the CPT1A gene?
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In the context of the Nunavik Inuit population, what role does genetic isolation play in their adaptation?
In the context of the Nunavik Inuit population, what role does genetic isolation play in their adaptation?
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Which variant of the FADS1 gene is particularly noted for its allele-frequency difference in Nunavik Inuit compared to other populations?
Which variant of the FADS1 gene is particularly noted for its allele-frequency difference in Nunavik Inuit compared to other populations?
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What is the significance of the genetic study focused on the Nunavik Inuit regarding historical gene flow?
What is the significance of the genetic study focused on the Nunavik Inuit regarding historical gene flow?
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What evolutionary process has influenced the genetic distinction of the Nunavik Inuit population?
What evolutionary process has influenced the genetic distinction of the Nunavik Inuit population?
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What is a key feature of ICAM5 in the Nunavik Inuit population?
What is a key feature of ICAM5 in the Nunavik Inuit population?
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Which factor is not involved in the genetic adaptation of the Nunavik Inuit to their environment?
Which factor is not involved in the genetic adaptation of the Nunavik Inuit to their environment?
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What is a common misconception about the genetic history of the Nunavik Inuit?
What is a common misconception about the genetic history of the Nunavik Inuit?
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Which protein family is CPNE7 a member of?
Which protein family is CPNE7 a member of?
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Which of the following factors has NOT contributed to the Nunavik Inuit's genetic distinctiveness?
Which of the following factors has NOT contributed to the Nunavik Inuit's genetic distinctiveness?
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What is the primary reason for the Inuit population's distinct genetic traits?
What is the primary reason for the Inuit population's distinct genetic traits?
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Which of the following best describes the historical migration of the Inuit ancestors?
Which of the following best describes the historical migration of the Inuit ancestors?
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What unique achievement has the Inuit population accomplished in the Arctic environment?
What unique achievement has the Inuit population accomplished in the Arctic environment?
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In which regions do the majority of the Inuit population reside?
In which regions do the majority of the Inuit population reside?
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What term is considered offensive and is not used to describe the Inuit population?
What term is considered offensive and is not used to describe the Inuit population?
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What climatic conditions do the Inuit face in their environment?
What climatic conditions do the Inuit face in their environment?
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Which group of indigenous peoples is the Inuit population legally recognized as part of in Canada?
Which group of indigenous peoples is the Inuit population legally recognized as part of in Canada?
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What climate adaptation can be observed in the physical characteristics of the Inuit population?
What climate adaptation can be observed in the physical characteristics of the Inuit population?
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What physiological adaptation helps the Nunavik Inuit maintain body heat in cold climates?
What physiological adaptation helps the Nunavik Inuit maintain body heat in cold climates?
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Which dietary components make up the majority of the Nunavik Inuit's traditional diet?
Which dietary components make up the majority of the Nunavik Inuit's traditional diet?
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How does the high-fat diet of the Nunavik Inuit affect their cholesterol levels?
How does the high-fat diet of the Nunavik Inuit affect their cholesterol levels?
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What is a key metabolic process utilized by the Nunavik Inuit to produce glucose from non-carbohydrate sources?
What is a key metabolic process utilized by the Nunavik Inuit to produce glucose from non-carbohydrate sources?
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What effect does a diet high in fats have on the Nunavik Inuit's insulin levels?
What effect does a diet high in fats have on the Nunavik Inuit's insulin levels?
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What is the primary function of the CPT1 enzyme in the body?
What is the primary function of the CPT1 enzyme in the body?
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Which food sources are significant in the traditional diet of the Nunavik Inuit?
Which food sources are significant in the traditional diet of the Nunavik Inuit?
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What does the FADS1 gene primarily influence?
What does the FADS1 gene primarily influence?
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What is one of the physiological adaptations related to the metabolism of a high-fat diet in the Nunavik Inuit?
What is one of the physiological adaptations related to the metabolism of a high-fat diet in the Nunavik Inuit?
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How do the Nunavik Inuit adapt to low light conditions in their environment?
How do the Nunavik Inuit adapt to low light conditions in their environment?
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What genetic characteristic distinguishes the Nunavik Inuit from other populations?
What genetic characteristic distinguishes the Nunavik Inuit from other populations?
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What factor may contribute to cancer development in individuals with high fasting insulin levels?
What factor may contribute to cancer development in individuals with high fasting insulin levels?
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Which characteristic of the CPT1A variant is notably observed in the Nunavik Inuit population?
Which characteristic of the CPT1A variant is notably observed in the Nunavik Inuit population?
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What dietary component is believed to drive natural selection on the FADS1 gene in Nunavik Inuit?
What dietary component is believed to drive natural selection on the FADS1 gene in Nunavik Inuit?
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Which study aspect highlighted the genetic differences between Nunavik Inuit and Han Chinese populations?
Which study aspect highlighted the genetic differences between Nunavik Inuit and Han Chinese populations?
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What tissue growth process is insulin significantly involved in?
What tissue growth process is insulin significantly involved in?
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Study Notes
Physiological Adaptations for Climate
- Cold Climate: Stockier build with shorter limbs reduces surface area to volume ratio, minimizing heat loss.
- High Altitude: Larger eyes and brain (visual cortex) enhance vision in low-light conditions.
Diet
- Composition: 50% monounsaturated fats and omega-3 fatty acids; 40% animal protein.
Physiological Adaptations for High-Fat Diet
- Gluconeogenesis: High rates, using lactate, pyruvate, and glutamate from fats and protein, fueled by a larger liver (main gluconeogenesis site).
- Low LDL ("bad cholesterol"): Despite high fat intake, LDL levels are reduced, lowering heart attack risk.
- Low Fasting Insulin: Reduced risk of heart disease, kidney disease, diabetes, and cancer.
Genetic Distinctiveness of Nunavik Inuit
- Limited Gene Flow: Minimal gene exchange with European and Native American populations.
- Genetic Distinctness: Nunavik Inuit possess unique genetic traits compared to other groups.
Genes in Nunavik Inuit Population
- CPT1A: Encodes Carnitine Palmitoyltransferase (CPT1) crucial for fatty acid oxidation, likely selected for due to high-fat diets. (Predominantly in liver).
- FADS1: (Mainly in Greenlandic Inuit) Encodes fatty acid desaturase 1, important for omega-3/omega-6 processing, potentially selected for due to omega-3 rich diets.
- CPNE7: Encodes a copine protein associated with reduced coronary artery disease and obesity, possibly related to high-fat metabolism.
- ICAM5: Caused by missense mutations, encodes a neuronal adhesion protein; involved in fatty acid metabolism, oxidative stress, and inflammation.
Evolutionary Processes Causing Distinctness
- Population Migration (Founder Effect): Movement to a new area with minimal gene exchange from other populations.
- Barriers to Movement: Geographical barriers (weather, oceans) limit gene flow from other groups.
- Natural Selection (Microevolution): Individuals with traits better suited to the environment thrive and pass on advantageous genes.
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Description
Explore the physiological adaptations of the Nunavik Inuit to cold climates and high altitudes, as well as their unique dietary composition. This quiz delves into how these adaptations contribute to health and survival in extreme environments. Test your knowledge on the distinctive genetic traits resulting from limited gene flow.
