353 Questions
What is the unit of measurement for potential difference?
Volts
What does a voltmeter measure?
Potential difference between two points
What is electromotive force (EMF)?
The work done per unit charge to move it through the entire circuit
What is the unit of measurement for current?
Amperes
How does an ammeter measure current?
By connecting in series with the circuit component
What happens when a positively charged rod is brought near a neutral insulator?
The electrons in the insulator are attracted, and the nuclei are repelled
What is polarisation?
The induction of a dipole in a neutral insulator
What type of materials have molecules that are naturally polarised?
Materials with natural dipoles
What is the formula to calculate potential difference?
V = W/Q
What is the relationship between EMF and terminal voltage?
EMF is the maximum potential difference, while terminal voltage is the actual voltage measured
What happens when a positively charged rod is brought near a small polystyrene ball?
The ball becomes polarized with electrons moving towards the rod and positive nuclei moving away
What type of materials consist of naturally polarized molecules?
Polarized materials like water
What is the main property of conductors?
They allow free movement of electrons
What happens when two identical conductors touch and share excess charge?
Both conductors become equally charged
What is the electrostatic force between like charges?
Repulsion
What determines the strength of the electrostatic force?
The distance between the charges
In an electric circuit, what provides the driving force for the movement of charges?
Electromotive force (EMF)
What is potential difference (voltage) defined as?
The work done per unit charge
What happens when a positively charged rod is brought near a stream of water?
The water molecules align with their negative sides towards the rod
What is an example of a polarized material that will experience a force when brought close to a charged object?
Water
What is the basic unit of charge known as?
Elementary charge
What is the charge on a single electron in coulombs?
-1.6 × 10^-19 C
What is the principle of charge quantisation?
Any charge in the universe is an integer multiple of the elementary charge.
What is the mathematical expression for the principle of charge quantisation?
Q = n × q_e
What is the unit of charge often used in electrostatics?
All of the above
Who measured the charge of an electron in 1909?
Robert Millikan and Harvey Fletcher
What happens to the electrons and nuclei in an insulator when a charged object is brought close to it?
The electrons are attracted towards the charged object, while the nuclei are repelled.
What is the phenomenon where a charged object exerts a force on a neutral insulator?
Polarisation
What is the property of conductors that allows them to distribute charge evenly over their surfaces?
Repulsive forces between like charges
What happens when excess charge is placed on an insulator?
The charge remains localized where it was deposited
What is the force between two charges of the same type?
Repulsion
What is the relationship between the strength of the electrostatic force and the distance between charges?
Inversely proportional
What is the result of rubbing a glass rod with silk?
The glass rod becomes positively charged
What happens when a positively charged rod is brought close to a stream of water?
The water molecules align with their negative sides towards the rod
What is the fundamental concept that measures how difficult it is for electricity to pass through a circuit element?
Resistance
What causes resistance at a microscopic level?
Collisions between electrons and the conductor's atoms
What is the unit of measurement for resistance?
Ohm
What is an example of an object that has high resistance?
Light bulb
What is the voltage across each resistor in a parallel circuit?
the same as the voltage supplied by the battery
What is the total current in a parallel circuit?
the sum of the currents through each parallel branch
What happens to the total resistance in a parallel circuit when more resistors are added?
it decreases
What is the formula for calculating the total resistance in a parallel circuit?
$R_P = rac{1}{R_1} + rac{1}{R_2} + ... + rac{1}{R_n}$
What is the effect of adding more resistors in parallel to a circuit?
it decreases the overall resistance
What is the current through each resistor in a parallel circuit?
the voltage divided by the resistance
Why do the resistors in a parallel circuit share the same voltage?
because they have the same start and end points
What is the result of the total current supplied by the battery in a parallel circuit?
it increases when more resistors are added
What is the purpose of a switch in a circuit?
To allow the circuit to be opened or closed
What happens when resistors are added in series to a circuit?
The total resistance of the circuit increases
What is the characteristic of current in a series circuit?
It remains constant throughout the entire circuit
What is the purpose of a voltmeter in a circuit?
To measure the voltage across components
What happens when resistors are connected in parallel?
The total resistance of the circuit decreases
What is the characteristic of voltage across resistors in parallel?
It is the same for each resistor
What is the purpose of a resistor in a circuit?
To control the current flow and voltage in the circuit
What is the formula for calculating the total resistance of resistors in series?
R_S = R_1 + R_2 + ... + R_n
What is the characteristic of current in a parallel circuit?
It is different for each path
What is the purpose of a battery in a circuit?
To provide energy to drive the current through the circuit
What is the effect of increasing the length of a conductor on its resistance?
The resistance increases
Which of the following materials has low resistivity?
Copper
What is the total resistance when resistors are connected in series?
The sum of the individual resistances
What is the purpose of resistors in a cellphone charger?
To control the current flow and voltage
What happens to a battery when it is used to drive a circuit?
It loses energy
Why do superconductors have no resistance at very low temperatures?
Their atoms are arranged in a special way
What is the effect of doubling the cross-sectional area of a conductor on its resistance?
The resistance is halved
What is the relationship between the length, cross-sectional area, and resistance of a conductor?
R ∝ L / A
What is the total resistance when resistors are connected in parallel?
The reciprocal of the sum of the reciprocals of the individual resistances
What is the effect of increasing the temperature of a superconductor?
It becomes a normal conductor
What is the main reason why a positively charged rod attracts a polarised polystyrene ball?
The rod induces a dipole in the ball
Why do electrons in a conductor move freely?
Because the conductor allows electrons to move freely
What happens when two identical conductors touch and share excess charge?
Each conductor has half of the total charge after separation
What is the result of the electrostatic force between two charges of the same type?
Repulsion
What is the significance of the distance between charges in the electrostatic force?
The force is inversely proportional to the square of the distance
What is the purpose of a battery in an electric circuit?
To provide a potential difference
What is the result of bringing a positively charged rod close to a stream of water?
The water molecules align with their negative sides towards the rod
What happens to excess charge on a conductor?
It is distributed evenly over the surface
What is the outcome of rubbing a glass rod with silk?
The glass rod becomes positively charged
What is the characteristic of the electrostatic force?
It is a long-range force
What is the charge carried by a single proton?
1.6 × 10^(-19) C
What is the expression for the total charge in the universe?
Q = n × q_e
What happens to the electrons in an insulator when a charged object is brought close to it?
They are attracted towards the charged object
Why do oil droplets experience a force in Millikan's oil drop experiment?
Due to the electric force
What is the unit of charge often used in electrostatics?
All of the above
What is the net charge of an insulator after polarisation?
Neutral
What is the result of the interaction between a charged object and a neutral insulator?
Polarisation occurs
What is the significance of Millikan's oil drop experiment?
It measured the charge of an electron
Why does the light bulb filament have high resistance?
To cause it to heat up and emit light
What is the relationship between the length of a conductor and its resistance?
The length of the conductor is directly proportional to its resistance
What is the effect of doubling the cross-sectional area of a conductor on its resistance?
The resistance is halved
What is the total resistance of resistors connected in series?
The sum of the individual resistances
What is the characteristic of a superconductor?
It has zero resistance at very low temperatures
Why does a battery go flat?
Because the chemical potential energy is converted into heat and light
What is the purpose of a voltmeter in a circuit?
To measure the potential difference across two points in a circuit
What happens when resistors are connected in parallel?
The total resistance is less than the smallest individual resistance
What is the relationship between the cross-sectional area of a conductor and its resistance?
The cross-sectional area of the conductor is inversely proportional to its resistance
What is the formula for calculating the total resistance of resistors connected in parallel?
1/R_total = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + ... + 1/Rn
What is the primary function of a light bulb in an electrical circuit?
To emit light when current flows through it
What is the energy required to move a charge from one point to another in an electric field?
Potential difference
What happens to the total resistance when multiple resistors are connected in series?
It increases
What is the primary function of a voltmeter in a circuit?
To measure the potential difference between two points in a circuit
What is the characteristic of voltage across each resistor in a series circuit?
The voltage across each resistor is different
What is the primary function of a switch in a circuit?
To allow the circuit to be opened or closed
What is the driving force that pushes the charge around a circuit?
Electromotive force (EMF)
What is the rate at which charge moves past a fixed point in a circuit?
Current
What happens to the current through each resistor in a parallel circuit?
It remains the same
What is the process by which a charged object exerts a force on a neutral insulator?
Polarisation
What is the effect of adding more resistors in parallel to a circuit?
The total resistance decreases
What is the characteristic of current in a series circuit?
It is the same at every point in the circuit
What is the mathematical expression for calculating potential difference?
V = W/Q
What is the unit of measurement for electromotive force (EMF)?
Volts
What is the purpose of a connecting lead in a circuit?
To connect the components to complete the circuit
What happens to the voltage across the battery when resistors are added in series?
It remains the same
What is the purpose of an ammeter in a circuit?
To measure the current flowing through a circuit component
What happens to the electrons and nuclei in an insulator when a charged object is brought close to it?
They experience a slight shift in their positions
What is the characteristic of a parallel circuit?
There are multiple paths for the current to flow
What is the characteristic of a material that has naturally polarised molecules?
Electric neutrality
What is the main reason why electrons in a conductor move freely?
Because the electrons are not localized to a specific position
What happens when two identical insulators touch and share excess charge?
The charges remain localized on each insulator
What is the direction of the electrostatic force between two charges of the same type?
Repulsive
What is the effect of increasing the distance between two charges on the electrostatic force?
The force decreases
What is the purpose of the experiment involving rubbing a glass rod with silk and hanging it from a string?
To investigate the electrostatic force
What is the reason why water molecules are attracted to a charged object?
Because water molecules are polarized
What is the cause of resistance at a microscopic level?
The collisions between electrons and atoms
What is the unit of measurement for resistance?
Ohm
What is an example of an object that has high resistance?
A light bulb
What is the effect of the collisions between electrons and atoms in a conductor?
The electrons lose kinetic energy
What is the characteristic of voltage in a parallel circuit?
The voltage across each resistor is the same
What is the total current in a parallel circuit?
The sum of the currents through each resistor
What happens to the total resistance in a parallel circuit when more resistors are added?
It decreases
What is the formula for calculating the total resistance in a parallel circuit?
1/R_P = 1/R_1 + 1/R_2 + ... + 1/R_n
Why do the resistors in a parallel circuit share the same voltage?
Because they are connected in parallel
What is the effect of adding more resistors in parallel to a circuit?
It increases the total current
What is the current through each resistor in a parallel circuit?
The voltage divided by the resistance of each resistor
What is the result of the total current supplied by the battery in a parallel circuit?
It is divided among the resistors
What is the magnitude of the charge on a single electron?
1.6 x 10^-19 C
What is the principle of charge quantisation?
Charge is an integer multiple of the elementary charge
What happens to the electrons and nuclei in an insulator when a charged object is brought close to it?
Electrons are attracted and nuclei are repelled
What is the phenomenon where a charged object exerts a force on a neutral insulator?
Polarisation
What is the unit of charge often used in electrostatics?
Microcoulombs
Who measured the charge of an electron in 1909?
Robert Millikan and Harvey Fletcher
What is the mathematical expression for the principle of charge quantisation?
Q = n * q_e
What is the elementary charge?
The charge on a single electron
What is the main reason why conductors can distribute charge evenly over their surfaces?
Because electrons can move freely in them
What happens when two identical conductors touch and share excess charge?
Each conductor has half of the total charge
What is the electrostatic force between opposite charges?
Attractive
What determines the strength of the electrostatic force?
The distance between the charges
What is the result of rubbing a glass rod with silk?
The glass rod becomes positively charged
What is the fundamental concept that measures how difficult it is for electricity to pass through a circuit element?
Resistance
What causes resistance at a microscopic level?
Collisions between electrons and atoms
What is an example of an object that has high resistance?
Light bulb
What happens when a positively charged rod is brought near a stream of water?
The water molecules align with their negative sides towards the rod
What is the unit of measurement for resistance?
Ohms (Ω)
What is the primary function of an ammeter in a circuit?
To measure the current flowing through a circuit component
What is the effect of internal resistance on the terminal voltage of a battery?
It decreases the terminal voltage
What is the result of polarisation on a neutral insulator?
It creates a dipole within the atoms
What is the driving force that pushes charges around a circuit?
Electromotive force (EMF)
What is the unit of measurement for work done in an electric circuit?
Joules
What is the purpose of connecting a voltmeter in parallel with a circuit component?
To measure the potential difference across the component
What is the rate at which charge moves past a fixed point in a circuit?
Current
What happens when a positively charged rod is brought near a small polystyrene ball?
The ball becomes polarised, with electrons moving slightly towards the rod and positive nuclei moving slightly away
What happens to the electrons and nuclei in an insulator when a charged object is brought close to it?
Electrons are attracted and nuclei are slightly repelled
What is the characteristic of conductors that enables them to distribute charge evenly over their surfaces?
The ability of electrons to move freely
What is the maximum potential difference between the terminals of a battery when no current is flowing through the circuit?
Electromotive force (EMF)
What happens when two identical conductors touch and share excess charge?
The total charge is shared equally between them
What is the relationship between the charge and time in a circuit?
Charge is equal to the current multiplied by time
What is the result of the electrostatic force between two opposite charges?
Attraction occurs
What determines the strength of the electrostatic force between two charges?
The distance between the charges
What is the purpose of a battery in an electric circuit?
To provide a driving force for the movement of charges
What is the result of bringing a positively charged rod near a stream of water?
The water molecules align with their negative sides towards the rod
What is the definition of potential difference?
The work done per unit charge
What happens when excess charge is placed on an insulator?
The charge remains localized
What is the characteristic of the electrostatic force between two like charges?
Repulsion occurs
What is the effect of increasing the length of a conductor on its resistance?
It increases the resistance
What is the relationship between the cross-sectional area of a conductor and its resistance?
The larger the cross-sectional area, the lower the resistance
What is the total resistance of resistors connected in series?
The sum of the individual resistances
What is the purpose of resistors in a cellphone charger?
To control the current flow and voltage
What happens to the total resistance when more resistors are added in parallel to a circuit?
It decreases
Why do batteries eventually go flat?
Because they convert all their chemical potential energy into electrical energy
What is the relationship between the resistance of a conductor and its material?
Materials with high resistivity have high resistance
What is the characteristic of current in a parallel circuit?
The current is different through each resistor
What is the purpose of a voltmeter in a circuit?
To measure the voltage across a circuit element
What is the result of connecting resistors in parallel to a circuit?
The total resistance decreases
What is the total resistance of a parallel circuit compared to the resistance of the smallest individual resistor?
Less than
What is the voltage across each resistor in a parallel circuit?
Equal to the voltage supplied by the battery
What is the total current in a parallel circuit?
The sum of the currents through each parallel branch
What happens to the total resistance in a parallel circuit when more resistors are added?
It decreases
Why do the resistors in a parallel circuit share the same voltage?
Because they are connected to the same battery
What is the effect of adding more resistors in parallel to a circuit?
It creates additional paths for current to flow
What is the formula for calculating the total resistance in a parallel circuit?
1/Rp = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + ... + 1/Rn
What is the relationship between the total current and the currents through each parallel branch?
I_total = I1 + I2 + ... + In
What is the primary function of a light bulb in a circuit?
To emit light when current flows through it
What is the result of adding resistors in series to a circuit?
The total resistance of the circuit increases
What is the characteristic of voltage across each resistor in a series circuit?
The sum of the voltages across each resistor is equal to the total voltage provided by the battery
What is the purpose of a voltmeter in a circuit?
To measure the voltage across components
What is the characteristic of current in a parallel circuit?
The current is divided among the resistors in the circuit
What happens to the total resistance in a parallel circuit when more resistors are added?
The total resistance decreases
What is the purpose of a switch in a circuit?
To allow the circuit to be opened or closed
What is the formula for calculating the total resistance in a series circuit?
R_S = R_1 + R_2 + ... + R_n
What is the characteristic of voltage across each resistor in a parallel circuit?
The voltage across each resistor is the same as the voltage across the battery
What is the result of adding resistors in parallel to a circuit?
The total current supplied by the battery increases
What is the primary reason why a polarised material, like water, experiences a force when brought close to a charged object?
The material's dipoles align in response to the electric field.
When an excess charge is placed on a conductor, what happens to the like charges?
They repel each other and spread out uniformly.
What is the relationship between the strength of the electrostatic force and the distance between the charges?
The strength of the force is inversely proportional to the square of the distance.
What is the primary reason why a conductor allows electrons to move freely?
The conductor has a property that enables electrons to move freely.
What happens when two identical conductors touch and share excess charge?
They each have half of the total charge.
What is the effect of the induced dipole on a polarised material?
It creates an attractive force.
What is the driving force that initiates and maintains the flow of electric charge in a circuit?
Potential difference.
What is the definition of potential difference (voltage)?
The work done per unit charge.
What happens when a charged object is brought close to an insulator?
The electrons move towards the object, while the nuclei move away.
What is the characteristic of the electrostatic force between two charges?
It is a long-range force.
What is the implication of the principle of charge quantisation?
Any charge in the universe is an integer multiple of the elementary charge.
In Millikan's oil drop experiment, what was used to determine the charge on an electron?
The electric force and the known forces.
What is the result of polarisation in a neutral insulator?
A small separation of charges within the insulator.
What is the unit of charge often used in electrostatics?
Nanocoulombs (nC)
What is the effect of a charged object on a neutral insulator?
It induces a small separation of charges within the insulator.
What is the mathematical expression for the principle of charge quantisation?
Q = n × q_e
What happens to the electrons and nuclei in an insulator when a charged object is brought close to it?
The electrons are attracted, and the nuclei are repelled.
What is the primary reason why excess charge on a conductor spreads out uniformly over its surface?
Because of the repulsive force between like charges
What happens to the electrons in a conductor when it is brought close to a charged object?
They move towards the charged object
What is the main difference between conductors and insulators?
Conductors allow free movement of electrons, while insulators do not
What is the main reason why the wires connecting the light bulb to the power source have minimal heating?
Their cross-sectional area is large.
What is the result of the electrostatic force between two charges of the same type?
Repulsion
Which of the following physical attributes of a conductor does not affect its resistance?
Color
What is the formula for calculating the strength of the electrostatic force between two charges?
F = k * q1 * q2 / r
What is the total resistance of a circuit if two resistors with resistances R1 and R2 are connected in series?
R1 + R2
What is the primary cause of resistance in a conductor?
The collisions between electrons and atoms in the conductor
What is the purpose of resistors in a cellphone charger?
To control the current flow and voltage to charge the battery safely
What happens to the total resistance when more resistors are added in parallel to a circuit?
It decreases
What is the result of bringing a positively charged rod close to a stream of water?
The water molecules align with their negative sides towards the rod
What is the primary reason why resistors are added in series to a circuit?
To divide the total voltage among the resistors
Why do batteries go flat?
Because all their chemical potential energy is used up and converted into other forms of energy
What is the characteristic of the electrostatic force between two charges?
It is a long-range force
What happens to the total resistance when resistors are connected in series?
It increases
What is the purpose of the investigation of the electrostatic force?
To demonstrate the principles of electrostatic force
What is the formula for calculating the total resistance of a circuit if two resistors with resistances R1 and R2 are connected in parallel?
1 / (1/R1 + 1/R2)
What is the primary reason why a voltmeter must be connected in parallel with the component across which the potential difference is to be measured?
To prevent the voltmeter from altering the current flow in the circuit
What is the result of rubbing a glass rod with silk?
The glass rod becomes positively charged
Which of the following statements is true about electromotive force (EMF)?
EMF is the driving force that pushes the charge around the circuit, enabling current flow
What is the characteristic of current in a series circuit?
It is the same at every point in the circuit
What is the effect of adding more resistors in parallel to a circuit?
The total resistance decreases
What is the main property of superconductors?
They have no resistance at very low temperatures
What is the result of the polarization process when a positively charged rod is brought near a neutral insulator?
A dipole is created within the atoms of the insulator, resulting in an attractive force between the charged rod and the insulator
What is the purpose of a voltmeter in a circuit?
To measure the voltage across components
What is the relationship between the current flowing through a circuit component and the current flowing through an ammeter connected in series with the component?
The current flowing through the circuit component is equal to the current flowing through the ammeter
What is the relationship between the length of a conductor and its resistance?
The resistance increases as the length increases
What happens to the voltage across each resistor when resistors are connected in series?
It is divided among the resistors
What is the primary difference between the terminal voltage and the electromotive force (EMF) of a battery?
The terminal voltage is less than the EMF
What is the characteristic of a parallel circuit?
There are multiple paths for the current to flow
What is the result of the flow of charge in a circuit?
The continuous flow of charge through the circuit
What happens to the total current in a parallel circuit when more resistors are added?
It increases
What is the primary function of a voltmeter and an ammeter in a circuit?
To measure the potential difference and current flowing through the circuit
What is the relationship between the voltage across each resistor in a parallel circuit?
The voltage across each resistor is the same
What is the primary difference between a conductor and an insulator?
Electrons can move freely in conductors, but not in insulators
What is the effect of adding more resistors in parallel to a circuit?
The total resistance decreases
What is the formula for calculating the total resistance in a series circuit?
R_S = R_1 + R_2 + ... + R_n
What is the result of the polarization of a neutral insulator?
The insulator experiences an attractive force due to the induced dipoles
What is the primary reason why an ammeter must be connected in series with the circuit component?
To measure the current flowing through the circuit component
What is the relationship between the total current and the currents through each resistor in a parallel circuit?
The total current is the sum of the currents through each resistor.
What is the effect of adding more resistors in parallel to a circuit?
The total current supplied by the battery increases.
What is the formula for calculating the total resistance in a parallel circuit?
1/Rp = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + ... + 1/Rn
What is the characteristic of the voltage across each resistor in a parallel circuit?
The voltage across each resistor is the same as the voltage supplied by the battery.
Why do the resistors in a parallel circuit share the same voltage?
Because the resistors are connected between the same two points.
What happens to the total resistance in a parallel circuit when more resistors are added?
The total resistance decreases.
What is the relationship between the current through each resistor and the voltage supplied by the battery in a parallel circuit?
I = V/R
What is the result of the total current supplied by the battery in a parallel circuit?
The total current supplied by the battery is the sum of the currents through each resistor.
What happens to the total charge of an object if the number of electrons is increased by a factor of 10, while the number of protons remains constant?
The total charge becomes 10 times more negative
A charged object is brought close to a neutral insulator. What happens to the nuclei of the atoms in the insulator?
They are repelled by the charged object
What is the significance of Millikan's oil drop experiment?
It showed the quantisation of charge
A certain object has a charge of 4.8 × 10^-18 C. How many elementary charges does it have?
30
What is the fundamental principle behind the concept of polarisation?
A charged object can induce a separation of charges in a neutral insulator
What is the reason behind the attraction between a charged object and a stream of water?
The water molecules have a permanent electric dipole moment that aligns with the electric field
When a glass rod rubbed with silk is brought close to a stream of water, what happens to the water molecules?
They align their negative sides towards the rod
Why do electrons lose kinetic energy when flowing through a conductor?
Due to the collisions between electrons and the atoms of the conductor
What happens to the excess charge on a conductor when it is shared with another identical conductor?
The excess charge is equally divided between the two conductors
What is the significance of the inverse square law in the context of electrostatic force?
It states that the electrostatic force is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between charges
What is the primary factor that determines the resistance of a conductor?
Its cross-sectional area and material
A copper wire has a length of 10 meters and a cross-sectional area of 2 square millimeters. If the wire is doubled in length, what will be the effect on its resistance?
The resistance will double
Two resistors, R1 and R2, are connected in series. If R1 has a resistance of 5 ohms and R2 has a resistance of 10 ohms, what is the total resistance of the circuit?
15 ohms
A light bulb filament has a high resistance, which causes it to heat up and emit light when current flows through it. What is the primary reason for this high resistance?
The filament has a high resistivity material
Why do batteries eventually go flat?
The current flows through the circuit elements, converting electrical energy into other forms of energy
What is the physical significance of electromotive force (EMF) in a circuit?
It is the maximum energy that a battery can transfer to a unit charge in a circuit.
What is the main difference between the measurement of EMF and terminal voltage?
EMF is the voltage when the battery is not connected to a circuit, while terminal voltage is the voltage when it is connected.
What happens to the electrons and nuclei in an insulator when a charged object is brought close to it?
The electrons and nuclei separate, creating a dipole within the atoms.
What is the direction of the electrostatic force between a charged rod and a polarized insulator?
The force is attractive, pulling the insulator towards the charged rod.
Why must a voltmeter be connected in parallel with the component across which the potential difference is to be measured?
To ensure it measures the potential difference without altering the current flow in the circuit.
If three resistors of 2 ohms, 3 ohms, and 4 ohms are connected in series, what is the total resistance of the circuit?
9 ohms
What is the voltage across each resistor in a series circuit if the total voltage is 12 volts and there are three resistors of equal resistance?
3 volts
If a circuit has two paths, each with a resistor of 2 ohms and a resistor of 4 ohms, what is the total current drawn from the battery if the voltage is 12 volts?
4 A
What is the effect of adding more resistors in series to a circuit?
The total resistance increases
What is the characteristic of current in a parallel circuit?
The current is divided among the resistors
As the distance between two charged objects increases, what happens to the electrostatic force between them?
It decreases inversely with the square of the distance
What is the primary reason why conductors can distribute charge evenly over their surfaces?
The free movement of electrons in conductors
What is the underlying reason for the attraction between a polarized material and a charged object?
The alignment of dipoles in response to the electric field
In an electric circuit, what is the purpose of the potential difference created by the battery?
To initiate and maintain the flow of electric charge
What happens to the excess charge on an insulator when it is placed on the surface?
It remains localized where it was deposited
What is the primary reason for the decrease in total resistance in a parallel circuit?
Additional paths for current to flow are created.
What is the relationship between the voltage across each resistor and the voltage supplied by the battery in a parallel circuit?
The voltage across each resistor is equal to the voltage supplied by the battery.
What happens to the total current supplied by the battery when more resistors are added in parallel to a circuit?
It increases.
What is the formula for calculating the total current in a parallel circuit?
I_total = I_1 + I_2 + I_3 + …
What is the effect of adding more resistors in parallel to a circuit on the overall resistance of the circuit?
It decreases.
What is the characteristic of voltage in a parallel circuit?
The voltage across each resistor is equal to the voltage supplied by the battery.
What is the purpose of connecting resistors in parallel in a circuit?
To create additional paths for current to flow.
What is the relationship between the total current and the current through each resistor in a parallel circuit?
The total current is the sum of the currents through each resistor.
What is the advantage of connecting resistors in parallel in a circuit?
It creates additional paths for current to flow, increasing the total current.
What is the formula for calculating the total resistance in a parallel circuit?
R_P = 1 / (1/R_1 + 1/R_2 + 1/R_3 + …)
What is the reason why water molecules align with their negative sides towards a positively charged rod?
Because water molecules are dipolar and respond to an electric field
What happens to the electrons in a conductor when excess charge is placed on it?
They spread out uniformly over the surface of the conductor
What is the characteristic of the electrostatic force between two charges?
It is inversely proportional to the distance between the charges
What is the result of rubbing a glass rod with silk?
The glass rod becomes positively charged
What is the cause of resistance at a microscopic level?
The collision between electrons and atoms in a conductor
What is the magnitude of the charge on a single proton?
1.6 × 10^(-19) C
Why can a charged object exert a force on a neutral insulator?
Because the charged object can induce a shift in the positions of the electrons and nuclei within the insulator
What is the characteristic of the electrostatic force between two charges?
It is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the charges.
What is the significance of the elementary charge?
It is the smallest unit of charge
What happens when two identical conductors touch and share excess charge?
Each conductor has half of the total charge.
What is the condition for the principle of charge quantisation?
Q = n × q_e
In which unit is charge often measured in electrostatics?
Microcoulombs (μC)
What is the result of bringing a positively charged rod near a stream of water?
The water molecules align with their negative sides towards the rod.
What is the main property of conductors that allows them to distribute charge evenly over their surfaces?
The ability to move electrons freely.
What is the force that acts between two charges of opposite types?
Attractive force.
What is the energy required to move a charge from one point to another in an electric field?
Potential difference (V)
What is the purpose of a voltmeter in a circuit?
To measure the potential difference between two points in a circuit
What is the flow of electric charge in a circuit?
Current (I)
What happens when a charged object is brought near a neutral insulator?
The insulator becomes polarised
What is the maximum potential difference between the terminals of a battery when no current is flowing through the circuit?
Electromotive force (EMF)
What is the primary function of a light bulb in a circuit?
To emit light when current flows through it
What happens to the total resistance in a series circuit when more resistors are added?
It increases
What is the characteristic of the voltage across each resistor in a series circuit?
The voltage is divided among the resistors
What is the primary function of a switch in a circuit?
To allow the circuit to be opened or closed
What is the characteristic of the current in a series circuit?
The current is the same at every point in the circuit
What is the effect of doubling the length of a conductor on its resistance?
The resistance doubles
What is the purpose of resistors in a cellphone charger?
To reduce the current flow and voltage to charge the battery safely
What happens when a battery's chemical potential energy is fully converted into electrical energy?
The battery goes flat
What is the characteristic of current in a series circuit?
The current is the same through each component
What is the relationship between the cross-sectional area of a conductor and its resistance?
The resistance decreases with increasing cross-sectional area
What is the characteristic of voltage in a parallel circuit?
It is the same for each resistor
What happens to the total current when more resistors are added in parallel?
It increases
What is the formula for calculating the total resistance in a parallel circuit?
1/R_P = 1/R_1 + 1/R_2 + ... + 1/R_n
What is the relationship between the total resistance and the resistance of the smallest individual resistor in a parallel circuit?
R_P < R_1
What is the effect of adding more resistors in parallel to a circuit?
It decreases the total resistance
What is the current in a parallel circuit?
It is different for each resistor
What happens to the total resistance when more resistors are added in parallel?
It decreases
What is the formula for calculating the current through each resistor in a parallel circuit?
I = V/R
Why do the resistors in a parallel circuit share the same voltage?
Because they are connected to the same battery
What is the result of the total current supplied by the battery in a parallel circuit?
It is the sum of the currents through each resistor
What is the relationship between the voltage across each resistor in a parallel circuit?
The voltage across each resistor is equal to the voltage supplied by the battery
What happens to the total current in a parallel circuit when more resistors are added?
It increases
What is the total resistance of a parallel circuit compared to the resistance of the smallest individual resistor?
Less than
What is the formula for calculating the total resistance in a parallel circuit?
1/Rp = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + ... + 1/Rn
Why do resistors in a parallel circuit share the same voltage?
Because the start and end points of all resistors are the same
What is the effect of adding more resistors in parallel to a circuit?
It decreases the total resistance
What is the relationship between the current through each resistor in a parallel circuit?
The current through each resistor is inversely proportional to its resistance
What is the purpose of having multiple paths for current to flow in a parallel circuit?
To decrease the total resistance and increase the total current
What happens to the total current supplied by the battery in a parallel circuit?
It increases
What is the advantage of having a parallel circuit?
It provides multiple paths for current to flow, increasing the total current
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