Physics Concepts and Definitions Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the equation for momentum?

  • $p = mvr$
  • $p = m + v$
  • $p = m - v$
  • $p = mv$ (correct)

Which statement is true regarding angular momentum when a cloud of interstellar dust contracts?

  • It spins faster. (correct)
  • It spins slower.
  • It spins at the same rate.
  • It stops spinning.

What is the best definition of energy?

  • The capacity to cause change. (correct)
  • The capacity to create work.
  • The measure of temperature in a substance.
  • The ability to destroy matter.

What happens to Earth's angular momentum as it moves closer to the Sun?

<p>It becomes less. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a type of energy mentioned?

<p>Chemical energy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the law of conservation of energy state?

<p>The total energy in a system is always constant. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of energy is specifically associated with an object's motion?

<p>Kinetic energy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What unit is primarily used for measuring temperature in scientific contexts?

<p>Kelvin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes velocity from speed?

<p>Speed is a scalar, while velocity is a vector. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the situation where a racecar driver maintains a constant speed of 60 km/hr around a corner, which statement is accurate?

<p>Speed is constant, and velocity is changing. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does gravity affect an object's acceleration when falling?

<p>The speed of falling objects increases by 10 m/s every second. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of momentum in physics?

<p>Mass in motion, calculated as p = mv. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to an object's motion if a force is applied while keeping its mass constant?

<p>The object's speed must change. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about mass is correct?

<p>Mass is constant, regardless of the object's location. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario best illustrates acceleration?

<p>A bicycle speeding up while going downhill. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is true about objects falling in a vacuum?

<p>All objects fall at the same rate regardless of their mass. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What relationship does Newton’s Second Law of Motion express between force, mass, and acceleration?

<p>Force is proportional to the acceleration and inversely proportional to mass. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a soccer ball and a lead ball are both kicked with the same force, which statement is true regarding their accelerations?

<p>The soccer ball will have a larger acceleration than the lead ball. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Newton’s Third Law of Motion state about the forces between two interacting objects?

<p>The forces are equal and opposite. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When a person spins a ball on a string and then cuts the string, in which direction will the ball travel?

<p>It will move straight away from the person. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In circular motion, which of the following terms is the analogue to linear force?

<p>Torque (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a linear motion term or concept that has an analogue in circular motion?

<p>Mass (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is identified as the most important term to understand for future topics in this course?

<p>Angular momentum (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which scenario would the force that earth exerts on a person be smaller than the force the person exerts on the Earth?

<p>This scenario never occurs; they are always equal. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between Celsius and Kelvin temperature changes?

<p>A 1° change in Celsius is the same as a 1° change in Kelvin. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is gravitational potential energy represented mathematically?

<p>$E = mgh$ (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the value of the gravitational constant G?

<p>$6.67 imes 10^{-11} ext{ N} ext{ m}^2/ ext{kg}^2$ (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the force of gravity between two objects if one mass quadruples and the other doubles?

<p>The force of gravity increases by a factor of 8. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the law of universal gravitation?

<p>Gravity attracts all masses to each other. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of energy is most commonly associated with an object's position in physics and astronomy?

<p>Potential energy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the strength of gravity change with distance according to the inverse square law?

<p>Gravity decreases as distance increases. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following energy measurement units is correct?

<p>Joule (J) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the force of gravity change if the distance between two objects is tripled?

<p>The new force of gravity is 1/9 of what it was before (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding the types of orbits?

<p>Orbits can be bound or unbound (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to a comet that passes close to Jupiter?

<p>It loses energy and its orbit changes from unbound to bound (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the escape velocity from Earth approximately?

<p>11 km/s (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a requirement for an orbit to change spontaneously?

<p>An external force must act on the object (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the law of conservation of energy, what happens to the energy lost by the comet when its orbit changes?

<p>Jupiter gains the same amount of energy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to an object that gains enough orbital energy?

<p>It escapes from its gravitational influence (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of orbit cannot change spontaneously under normal circumstances?

<p>All types of orbits (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor does escape velocity depend on?

<p>Distance to the center of the celestial body (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which position of the Moon results in spring tides?

<p>New Moon and Full Moon (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why does the Moon have a greater tidal effect on Earth than the Sun does?

<p>The distance between the Earth and the Moon is much smaller than between the Earth and the Sun (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what times does high tide occur on an island in the middle of the Pacific Ocean when the Moon is full?

<p>Both midnight and noon (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primarily causes tides on Earth?

<p>The difference in gravitational force between the Moon and Earth (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the size of the Earth compare to the distances from the Earth to the Moon and the Earth to the Sun in terms of tidal effects?

<p>The Earth is a 'point' compared to the Sun, affecting tidal differences (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why does gravitational force exhibit an inverse-square law?

<p>Gravitational pull decreases as distance increases (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does not significantly affect the height of ocean tides?

<p>The mass of the Sun (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Speed

How fast something is moving, regardless of direction.

Velocity

How fast something is moving, including direction.

Acceleration

The rate of change in velocity over time.

Gravity

The force of attraction between objects with mass.

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Mass

The amount of matter in an object.

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Momentum

Mass in motion.

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Force

A push or pull that changes momentum.

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Acceleration due to gravity

The acceleration caused by gravity.

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Newton's Second Law of Motion

The force applied to an object is directly proportional to the acceleration of the object and inversely proportional to its mass. It means, the heavier the object, the more force is needed to accelerate it.

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Newton's Third Law of Motion

For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. When one object exerts a force on another, the second object exerts an equal but opposite force on the first.

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Force on Earth vs. You

The force you exert on the Earth is equal to the force the Earth exerts on you. This is due to Newton's Third Law.

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Ball on a String

If a ball is spinning on a string and the string is cut, the ball will travel in a straight line tangent to the circle at the point where the string was cut.

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Angular Velocity

Describes how quickly an object is rotating.

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Angular Acceleration

Describes how quickly the angular velocity of an object is changing.

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Angular Momentum

A measure of an object's rotational momentum, which is a combination of its mass, velocity, and distribution of mass.

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Conservation of Momentum

The total momentum of all objects in a system remains the same before and after an interaction, like a collision.

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Conservation of Energy

The total energy of a system remains constant, it can only be transferred between different forms of energy.

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Energy

The inherent capacity to cause change, measured in Joules.

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Kinetic Energy

Energy possessed by an object due to its motion.

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Potential Energy

Energy possessed by an object due to its position or composition.

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Radiative Energy

Energy carried by light, in the form of photons.

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Thermal Energy

The collective kinetic energy of the particles within a substance.

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Kelvin

The unit of measurement for temperature, often used in scientific contexts.

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Kelvin Scale

The temperature scale where zero degrees Kelvin represents absolute zero, the point at which all molecular motion stops.

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Gravitational Potential Energy

The energy stored in an object due to its position in a gravitational field. It is determined by the object's mass, the gravitational acceleration, and its height.

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Mass Energy

The energy stored in an object due to its mass. It is determined by the object's mass and the speed of light.

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Universal Law of Gravitation

The fundamental law describing the force of attraction between any two objects with mass. The strength of this force is directly proportional to the product of the masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between their centers.

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Gravitational Constant (G)

The constant of proportionality in the law of universal gravitation, representing the strength of the gravitational force. Its value is approximately 6.67 x 10^-11 Nm^2/kg^2.

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Inverse Square Law

The relationship in which a quantity is inversely proportional to the square of another quantity. For example, the intensity of light or heat decreases as the square of the distance from the source increases.

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Cavendish Experiment

The first accurate measurement of the gravitational constant (G) was made by Henry Cavendish in 1797. This experiment helped to validate Newton's law of universal gravitation and determine the strength of gravity.

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Types of Orbits

Ellipses are not the only allowed orbits. Objects can have bound orbits (circles and ellipses) or unbound orbits (parabola and hyperbola).

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Conservation of Orbital Energy

The total energy of an orbiting object remains constant unless an external force acts upon it.

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Orbital Stability

Orbits are stable and cannot change spontaneously. Changes in an orbit require energy exchange with another object, such as a collision or close encounter.

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Energy Exchange in Orbits

A comet passing close to Jupiter can lose energy, changing its orbit from unbound to bound. Jupiter gains this lost energy.

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Jupiter's Effect on Comet

Jupiter's massive size means the energy it gains from a comet's encounter is too small to significantly affect its own orbit.

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Gravity Assist

Giving a spacecraft a boost by using a gravitational encounter with another object, like a planet, to gain speed without using fuel.

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Escape Velocity

The minimum velocity an object needs to escape the gravitational pull of a planet or other celestial body and enter an unbound orbit.

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Gravity and Distance

The force of gravity between two objects decreases proportionally to the square of the distance between them.

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Inverse Square Law of Gravity

The gravitational force between two objects is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. This means that as the distance between the objects increases, the force of gravity decreases rapidly.

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Tides

The periodic rise and fall of the water level in Earth's oceans, caused by the gravitational pull of the Moon and, to a lesser extent, the Sun.

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Spring Tides

Tides that occur when the Sun, Earth, and Moon are aligned, resulting in a higher high tide and a lower low tide.

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Neap Tides

Tides that occur when the Sun, Earth, and Moon form a right angle, resulting in a lower high tide and a higher low tide.

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Why the Moon's Gravitational Pull Dominates Tides

The Sun's effect on tides is less than the Moon's, despite the Sun being much larger, because the Earth-Moon distance is significantly smaller than the Earth-Sun distance.

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Difference in Gravitational Pull on Earth

The tidal bulge on the side of the Earth facing the Moon is stronger than on the opposite side. This is due to the difference in gravitational force.

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Tidal Bulges

The difference in gravitational force across the Earth creates a tidal bulge, which is more pronounced due to the relatively small distance between the Earth and the Moon.

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Study Notes

Speed vs. Velocity

  • Speed is the rate at which an object is moving.
  • It is a scalar value, meaning it only has magnitude.
  • Examples: car traveling at 100 km/hr; snail moving at 23 feet/day
  • Velocity is the rate at which an object is moving in a specific direction.
  • It is a vector value, meaning it has both magnitude and direction.
  • Examples: car traveling at 100 km/hr east; snail moving at 23 feet/day to the right

Acceleration

  • Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity over time.
  • It is a vector value.
  • It involves a change in speed and/or direction.
  • Examples: a car accelerating from 0 to 60 mph; a car changing direction around a turn at a constant speed

Acceleration due to Gravity

  • Gravity accelerates all objects on Earth at 10 m/s².
  • The direction is downwards, towards the center of Earth.
  • The acceleration is the same for all objects, disregarding air resistance.

Momentum

  • Momentum is a measure of an object's motion.
  • It is the product of mass and velocity.
  • Written as p = mv
  • Mass and Velocity are part of the equation.

Force

  • Force is a push or pull that can change an object's motion.
  • The product of mass and acceleration.
  • Written as F=ma

Newton's First Law of Motion

  • A body at rest stays at rest, and a body in motion stays in motion.
  • This is true in the absence of an unbalanced (net) force.

Newton's Second law of motion

  • The force acting on a body is equal to the mass of the body multiplied by the acceleration of the body.
  • The formula is F = ma.

Newton's Third Law of Motion

  • For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
  • Forces always come in pairs.

Gravitational Constant

  • G is a constant used to calculate gravitational force.
  • It is a small number approximately 6.67 × 10^-11

Inverse Square Law and Gravity

  • Gravitational force decreases with the square of the distance between objects.
  • Light and heat intensity also follow the inverse square law.

Gravitational Potential Energy

  • Potential energy is due to an object's position or configuration.
  • In physics and astronomy, it is often due to position and the amount of mass there is in an object.

Orbits

  • Orbits are either bound (elliptical or circular), or unbound (parabolic or hyperbolic).

  • Total orbital energy remains constant if there are no external forces acting.

  • Orbits do not change spontaneously.

Escape velocity

  • Escape velocity is the minimum velocity an object needs to escape the gravitational pull of a planet or star.
  • It does not depend on the mass of the escaping object.

Tides

  • Tides are caused by the difference in gravitational attraction between the Moon (and Sun) and different parts of the Earth.
  • This difference is caused by the inverse square nature of gravity.
  • Spring Tides occur at Full and New Moon.
  • Neap Tides occur at the First and Third Quarter Moon.

Universal Law of Gravitation

  • The force of gravity between two objects is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between their centers.
  • This is written as: F = G(m1m2)/d^2.

Types of Energy

  • Kinetic energy is the energy of motion.
  • Potential energy is the energy an object has due to its position or configuration.
  • Radiative energy is energy carried by electromagnetic waves.

Conservation Laws

  • The law of conservation of energy states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred or transformed.
  • The law of conservation of momentum states that the total momentum of a system remains constant if no external forces act on it.

Angular Momentum

  • Angular momentum is a measure of the rotational motion of an object.
  • It is the product of moment of inertia and angular velocity.

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Unit 4 - A Bit of Physics PDF

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Test your understanding of fundamental physics concepts such as momentum, energy, and acceleration. This quiz covers key definitions and principles that are essential in the study of physics. Challenge yourself to answer questions about angular momentum, energy types, and the effects of gravity on motion.

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