Physics Class: Kinetic Energy and Momentum

Kinetic Energy

• Kinetic energy is the energy of motion.
• Formula: KE = (1/2)mv^2, where m is mass and v is velocity.
• Units: Joules (J).

Conservation of Energy

• Law of conservation of energy: energy cannot be created or destroyed, only converted from one form to another.
• Total energy remains constant in a closed system.
• Forms of energy: kinetic, potential, thermal, electrical, etc.

Momentum and Impulse

• Momentum: product of an object's mass and velocity.
• Formula: p = mv, where m is mass and v is velocity.
• Units: kg m/s.
• Impulse: change in momentum.
• Formula: J = Δp, where J is impulse and Δp is change in momentum.
• Units: Ns (Newton-seconds).

Heat Transfer

• Methods of heat transfer: conduction, convection, radiation.
• Conduction: transfer of heat through direct contact between particles.
• Convection: transfer of heat through fluid motion.
• Radiation: transfer of heat through electromagnetic waves.

Work and Power

• Work: energy transferred through a force applied over a distance.
• Formula: W = Fd, where F is force and d is distance.
• Units: Joules (J).
• Power: rate of doing work.
• Formula: P = W/t, where W is work and t is time.
• Units: Watts (W).

Newton's Laws of Motion

• First Law (Law of Inertia): an object at rest will remain at rest, and an object in motion will continue to move, unless acted upon by an external force.
• Second Law (F = ma): force is equal to the mass of an object multiplied by its acceleration.
• Third Law (Action and Reaction): for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

Free Fall

• Acceleration due to gravity: g = 9.8 m/s^2 (on Earth).
• Free fall: an object falling under gravity, with no air resistance.

Law of Conservation of Momentum

• Total momentum remains constant in a closed system.
• Momentum is conserved in collisions and explosions.

Momentum, Kinetic and Potential Energy

• Momentum: product of mass and velocity.
• Kinetic energy: energy of motion.
• Potential energy: energy of position or stored energy.

Hooke's Law

• F = -kx, where F is force, k is spring constant, and x is displacement.
• Describes the relationship between force and displacement in a spring.

Law of Conservation of Energy

• Total energy remains constant in a closed system.
• Energy can be converted from one form to another, but not created or destroyed.

Work, Power, Efficiency

• Work: energy transferred through a force applied over a distance.
• Power: rate of doing work.
• Efficiency: ratio of output energy to input energy.

Kinetic Theory of Matter

• Matter is composed of tiny particles called molecules.
• Molecules are in constant motion, with kinetic energy.

Brownian Motion

• Random motion of particles suspended in a fluid (e.g. pollen in water).
• Evidence for the kinetic theory of matter.

Heat and Temperature

• Heat: energy transferred through temperature differences.
• Temperature: measure of average kinetic energy of particles.

Boiling and Evaporation

• Boiling: rapid vaporization of a liquid at its boiling point.
• Evaporation: slow vaporization of a liquid at its surface.

Heat Capacity, Specific Heat Capacity, Latent Heat

• Heat capacity: amount of heat energy required to change the temperature of an object.
• Specific heat capacity: heat capacity per unit mass of an object.
• Latent heat: energy required to change the state of an object (e.g. melting or boiling).

Momentum, Impulse

• Momentum: product of mass and velocity.
• Impulse: change in momentum.