Physical Pharmacy Thermodynamics: Energy Transformation and Control of Reactions

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Questions and Answers

What is the internal energy (E) of a system?

The total energy of the system and its surroundings

The energy used to change the height of a weight of the system

The energy transferred as heat between the system and surroundings

The energy of the particles in the system (correct)

What is a thermodynamic system?

The total energy of a system and its surroundings

A region of the universe that we direct our attention to (correct)

Everything outside a system

The boundary that separates a system from its surroundings

What is the transfer of thermal energy between two bodies that are at different temperatures called?

Heat (correct)

Spontaneity of reaction

Internal energy

Work

Which variable is an example of a state variable in a thermodynamic system?

Pressure Signup and view all the answers

What does work represent in thermodynamics?

Transfer of energy used to change height of a weight of system in respect to surrounding Signup and view all the answers

In thermodynamics, what is the surroundings?

Everything outside a system Signup and view all the answers

What type of energy transfer is heat in thermodynamics?

Transfer of thermal energy between two bodies at different temperatures Signup and view all the answers

What does the thermodynamic state of a system refer to?

The state with definite value of dependent variables like pressure, temperature, and volume Signup and view all the answers

What is the transfer of energy as a result of a temperature difference called in thermodynamics?

Heat Signup and view all the answers

What represents everything outside a thermodynamic system?

Surroundings Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to the boundary that separates a system from its surroundings in thermodynamics?

Boundary Signup and view all the answers

What type of transfer is used to change the height of a weight of system in respect to surrounding in thermodynamics?

Work Signup and view all the answers

According to the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics, what does it indicate when two systems are in thermal equilibrium with each other?

The two systems are at the same temperature. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the First Law of Thermodynamics?

Energy can be converted from one form to another, but it cannot be created nor destroyed. Signup and view all the answers

What is the relation between heat and work in an isolated system, according to the First Law of Thermodynamics?

$Q=-W$ Signup and view all the answers

What is enthalpy a measure of?

The amount of energy within a substance, both kinetic and potential. Signup and view all the answers

According to the Second Law of Thermodynamics, what happens to the entropy of the entire universe over time?

It increases. Signup and view all the answers

How does free energy ($\Delta G$) relate to the spontaneity of a process?

$\Delta G < 0$ indicates a spontaneous process. Signup and view all the answers

For which case will the reaction O2 → 2O occur spontaneously?

$\Delta H < 0$, $\Delta S > 0$ at high temperature Signup and view all the answers

What concept does bond energy represent when broken or formed in a chemical reaction?

The net energy associated with the heat of reaction. Signup and view all the answers

$C==C$ bond is broken (requiring 130 kcal), a $Cl—Cl$ bond is broken (requiring 57 kcal), a $C—C$ bond is formed (liberating 80 kcal), and two $C—Cl$ bonds are formed (156 kcal). What is the bond energy ($\Delta H$) in this structure when broken?

-49 kcal Signup and view all the answers

$ΔG=ΔH−TΔS$. If $ΔG > 0$, what does it indicate about the spontaneity of the process?

$ΔH < TΔS$, spontaneous in reverse direction. Signup and view all the answers

$ΔE=Q+W$. What does this equation represent?

$ΔE$ is the change in internal energy of a closed system due to heat and work interactions. Signup and view all the answers

Why does heat always flow from a hotter body to a colder body, as stated by the Second Law of Thermodynamics?

To increase the entropy of the colder body Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Thermodynamic System

A thermodynamic system is a region in space where thermodynamic processes take place.
The internal energy (E) of a system is the total energy of the system, including kinetic energy, potential energy, and potential energy associated with the molecular structure.

Energy Transfer

The transfer of thermal energy between two bodies that are at different temperatures is called heat.
Heat is a type of energy transfer that occurs due to a temperature difference.
Work represents the transfer of energy through a force applied over a distance.

Thermodynamic State

The thermodynamic state of a system refers to the condition of the system in terms of its properties, such as temperature, pressure, and volume.
A state variable is a property that describes the thermodynamic state of a system, such as temperature, pressure, and volume.

Surroundings and Boundary

The surroundings refer to everything outside a thermodynamic system.
The boundary is the separation between a system and its surroundings.
The boundary can be used to transfer energy or matter between the system and surroundings.

Laws of Thermodynamics

The Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics states that when two systems are in thermal equilibrium with each other, they are also in thermal equilibrium with a third system.
The First Law of Thermodynamics states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only converted from one form to another.
The relation between heat and work in an isolated system is that the total energy remains constant, but can be converted between heat and work.
Enthalpy is a measure of the total energy of a system, including internal energy and the energy associated with the pressure and volume of a system.

Second Law of Thermodynamics

The Second Law of Thermodynamics states that the entropy of the entire universe always increases over time.
Free energy (ΔG) relates to the spontaneity of a process, with a negative ΔG indicating a spontaneous process.
The reaction O2 → 2O will occur spontaneously if ΔG is negative.

Bond Energy

Bond energy represents the energy required to break or form a chemical bond.
Bond energy can be calculated by summing the energy required to break bonds and subtracting the energy liberated when bonds are formed.

Thermodynamic Equations

ΔE = Q + W represents the change in internal energy of a system, which is equal to the heat added to the system and the work done on the system.
ΔG = ΔH - TΔS represents the free energy of a system, which is a measure of the spontaneity of a process.

Thermodynamic Principles

Heat always flows from a hotter body to a colder body, as stated by the Second Law of Thermodynamics.
This principle is a result of the tendency of the universe to increase in entropy over time.

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Description

Explore the fundamental concepts of thermodynamics in physical pharmacy, including energy transformation, control of chemical reactions, spontaneity, and forms of energy. Learn about internal energy and the system in relation to thermodynamics.