Physical Pharmacy Thermodynamics Dr.Khalid T Maaroof
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Physical Pharmacy Thermodynamics Dr.Khalid T Maaroof

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Questions and Answers

Which best defines the internal energy (E) of a system according to the text?

  • The energy transferred as heat or work
  • The total energy of a system, including kinetic and potential energies (correct)
  • The kinetic energy of a system only
  • The potential energy of a system only

    • What is the best example of a thermodynamic system according to the text?

  • The Earth's atmosphere (correct)
  • A room with air conditioning
  • The human body
  • A closed container

    • What is the transfer of thermal energy between two bodies at different temperatures called?

  • Energy transformation
  • Kinetic energy
  • Heat (correct)
  • Work

    • Which term refers to the state of the system with a definite value of dependent variable?

    <p>Thermodynamic state</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the transfer of energy used to change the height of a weight of a system in respect to the surroundings called?

    <p>Work</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the surroundings of a system?

    <p>Surroundings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Zero Law of Thermodynamics, what does it state about systems in thermal equilibrium?

    <p>They have the same temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the First Law of Thermodynamics state about energy?

    <p>Energy cannot be created nor destroyed under any circumstances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the equation for the change in internal energy in a closed system?

    <p>$ΔE=Q+W$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the increase in enthalpy, ∆H, represent?

    <p>The heat absorbed by the system at constant volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Second Law of Thermodynamics state about the flow of heat?

    <p>Heat always flows from a hotter body to a colder body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is entropy a measure of?

    <p>Disorder or randomness in a system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a positive ΔH indicate for a reaction?

    <p>The reaction absorbs heat from the environment (endothermic)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does ΔG indicate if its value is less than 0?

    <p>The process occurs spontaneously</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a negative ΔG imply for a process?

    <p>The process occurs spontaneously</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Second Law of Thermodynamics state about the entropy of the entire universe?

    <p>Entropy in the universe can never be negative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Internal Energy

    • The internal energy (E) of a system is the sum of the kinetic energy, potential energy, and potential energy of the particles that make up the system.

    Thermodynamic Systems

    • A thermodynamic system is a region in space where energy transformations take place, and a good example is a cylinder filled with a gas.

    Heat Transfer

    • The transfer of thermal energy between two bodies at different temperatures is called heat.

    System States

    • A system with a definite value of a dependent variable is said to be in a state.

    Energy Transfer

    • The transfer of energy used to change the height of a weight of a system with respect to the surroundings is called work.

    System Surroundings

    • The surroundings of a system refer to everything outside the system that interacts with it.

    Zero Law of Thermodynamics

    • According to the Zero Law of Thermodynamics, if two systems are in thermal equilibrium with a third system, then they are also in thermal equilibrium with each other.

    First Law of Thermodynamics

    • The First Law of Thermodynamics states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only converted from one form to another.

    Internal Energy Equation

    • The equation for the change in internal energy (ΔE) in a closed system is ΔE = Q - W, where Q is the heat added to the system and W is the work done on the system.

    Enthalpy

    • The increase in enthalpy (∆H) represents the total energy change of a system at constant pressure.

    Second Law of Thermodynamics

    • The Second Law of Thermodynamics states that heat will always flow spontaneously from a body at a higher temperature to a body at a lower temperature, but not the reverse.

    Entropy

    • Entropy is a measure of the disorder or randomness of a system.

    Energy Changes

    • A positive ΔH indicates that energy is absorbed by the system during a reaction.
    • A negative ΔH indicates that energy is released by the system during a reaction.
    • If ΔG (Gibbs free energy) is less than 0, the reaction is spontaneous.
    • A negative ΔG implies that a process is spontaneous, meaning it can occur on its own without an external influence.

    Universe Entropy

    • The Second Law of Thermodynamics states that the entropy of the entire universe is always increasing over time.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge of thermodynamics in physical pharmacy with this quiz by Dr. Khalid T Maaroof. Explore concepts such as energy flow, transformation, control of chemical reactions, spontaneity of reactions, and forms of energy.

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