Phylogeny and the Tree of Life
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following organisms is most closely related to humans based on the phylogenetic tree?

  • Mouse (correct)
  • Drosophila
  • Zebrafish
  • Chicken

    • The fossil record provides evidence for the existence of nest building and brooding behaviors in dinosaurs.

    True

    What is the primary characteristic used to determine the evolutionary relationships between organisms in a phylogenetic tree?

    Shared derived characteristics

    The ______ is an example of an extinct species that had a four-chambered heart, a feature shared with birds and crocodiles.

    <p>dinosaur</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match each feature with the corresponding group of organisms:

    <p>Four-chambered heart = Birds, crocodiles, and dinosaurs Song = Birds Nest building = Birds, crocodiles, and dinosaurs Brooding = Birds, crocodiles, and dinosaurs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main components that contribute to phylogeny?

    <p>Process and pattern</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Phylogeny solely focuses on the patterns of evolutionary change, not the processes.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for groups of organisms that share an immediate common ancestor?

    <p>Sister taxa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Each branch point on a phylogenetic tree represents the ______ of two species from a common ancestor.

    <p>divergence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions:

    <p>Phylogeny = The evolutionary history of a species or group of related species Systematics = The discipline that classifies organisms and determines their evolutionary relationships Common ancestor = The species from which two or more species have descended Sister taxa = Groups that share an immediate common ancestor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a process of evolution?

    <p>Convergent evolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The phylogenetic tree in the text shows that legless lizards and snakes evolved from the same ancestral lizard with limbs.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Give an example of a pattern of evolution that is illustrated in the provided phylogenetic tree.

    <p>Convergent evolution of limbless bodies in snakes and Eastern glass lizards.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a polytomy represent in a phylogenetic tree?

    <p>A branch from which more than two groups emerge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A basal taxon diverges late in the history of a group.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a rooted tree illustrate in terms of evolutionary relationships?

    <p>It includes a branch to represent the last common ancestor of all taxa in the tree.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A branch point that represents the common ancestor of all taxa in a phylogenetic tree is often referred to as the __________.

    <p>root</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the terms with their correct definitions:

    <p>Basal taxon = Diverges early in the history of a group Polytomy = More than two branches emerge from a single point Rooted tree = Represents the common ancestor of all taxa Common ancestor = An ancestor from which multiple taxa descend</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is used for visual and genetic similarities due to shared ancestry?

    <p>Homology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Analogous characters arise from shared ancestry between organisms.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the opposite of homology?

    <p>analogy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ____ evolution occurs when unrelated organisms develop similar adaptations due to similar environmental pressures.

    <p>Convergent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes a clade?

    <p>An ancestral species and all its descendants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process do adaptive similarities caused by natural selection in different lineages represent?

    <p>Convergent evolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Clades can be nested within larger clades.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following species belongs to the genus Panthera?

    <p>Panthera pardus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All species in the genus Canis are members of the family Felidae.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of a phylogenetic tree in understanding evolutionary relationships?

    <p>It represents the evolutionary history of a group of organisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ________ is known as the European otter.

    <p>Lutra lutra</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following organisms with their corresponding family:

    <p>Panthera pardus = Felidae Canis latrans = Canidae Taxidea taxus = Mustelidae Lutra lutra = Mustelidae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main concept behind Darwin's theory of evolution?

    <p>Evolution by Natural Selection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true about taxonomic classification?

    <p>Species are categorized under a genus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Taxidea taxus belongs to the order Felidae.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The term 'theory' in science refers to a simple guess or hunch.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Identify the order of the species Canis lupus.

    <p>Carnivora</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is credited with establishing the modern system of taxonomy?

    <p>Carolus Linnaeus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A proper hypothesis should be extit{} and extit{} at the end of an experiment.

    <p>testable, falsifiable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the evolutionary concepts to their definitions:

    <p>Convergent Evolution = Independent evolution of similar traits in species of different lineages Homologous = Traits inherited from a common ancestor Analogous = Traits with similar function but different evolutionary origins Synapomorphy = A trait shared by a group of organisms that is derived from a common ancestor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the key features of Linnaeus's taxonomy?

    <p>Hierarchical classification of organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Qualitative data is collected numerically, while quantitative data is descriptive.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of taxonomy in biology?

    <p>To classify and name organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Phylogeny and the Tree of Life

    • Phylogeny is the evolutionary history of a species or group of related species, resulting from both evolutionary processes and patterns
    • Evolutionary processes include natural selection and other mechanisms modifying genetic makeup of populations
    • Phylogeny also depicts evolutionary patterns, illustrating the products of evolution over time
    • For example, phylogeny shows how legless lizards and snakes evolved from different lineages of other lizards
    • Taxonomy is a scientific discipline focused on classifying and naming organisms
    • Carolus Linnaeus created a taxonomic system based on similarities among species
    • Important features of this system are two-part species names and hierarchical classifications.
    • The two-part scientific name is called a binomial
    • The first part is the genus and the second part is unique to each species within that genus
    • Example: Homo sapiens
    • The first letter of the genus is capitalized, and the entire species name is italicized.

    Hierarchical Classification

    • Taxonomic groups range from broad (domain) to narrow (species)
    • Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species
    • A taxonomic unit at any level is a taxon (plural = taxa)
    • Broader taxonomic groups are not comparable between different lineages
    • Example: a snail order has less genetic diversity than a mammal order

    The Scientific Method

    • The scientific method starts with observation and research, followed by hypothesis formulation
    • A proper hypothesis is phrased as a statement
    • It must be testable and falsifiable
    • A hypothesis is either "accepted" or "rejected" following experiments
    • The "best" type of experiment is a controlled experiment, testing a single variable against a controlled element (which is unchanged)
    • Data collected during experimentation is either qualitative (descriptive) or quantitative (numerical)

    Phylogenetic Trees

    • Phylogenetic trees represent the evolutionary history of a group of organisms in a branching diagram
    • Branch points on a tree indicate where lineages diverged from a common ancestor
    • Each branch point represents the divergence of two species from a common ancestor
    • "Common ancestor" is often abbreviated as C.A.
    • Sister taxa are groups that share an immediate common ancestor
    • These groups are "sisters" to each other and "cousins" to other related taxa from that common ancestor
    • A rooted tree includes a branch representing the last common ancestor of all taxa in the tree, illustrating a 'great grandma' ancestor

    Clades

    • Cladistics groups organisms by common descent
    • A clade is a group of species containing an ancestral species and all its descendants
    • Clades can be nested within larger clades
    • Not all organism groupings qualify as clades

    Monophyletic, Paraphyletic, and Polyphyletic Groups

    • A clade is monophyletic, meaning it includes an ancestral species and all its descendants
    • A paraphyletic group contains an ancestral species and some, but not all, of its descendants
    • A polyphyletic group includes distantly related species but excludes their most recent common ancestor
    • "Para-" means "beside," and "poly-" means "many"

    Shared Characters

    • Homologous characters are similar features resulting from common ancestry
    • Analogous characters show similarities in function and structure but are not related genetically
    • Convergent evolution is when similar environmental pressures induce similar adaptations in organisms with different evolutionary lineages

    Shared Derived Characters

    • In comparison to their ancestor, organisms share both ancestral and derived characteristics.
    • An ancestral character is originally found in an ancestor of the group in question
    • A derived character refers to an evolutionary novelty unique to a particular clade

    Synapomorphies

    • Synapomorphy is a shared derived character exhibited by all members of a group
    • "Morph-" means "appearance"
    • An example is birds having feathers.

    Branch Lengths

    • Sometimes branch lengths on a phylogenetic tree represent chronological time
    • Branching events can sometimes be determined via the fossil record

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    Campbell Biology Tenth Edition Chapter 26 Lecture PDF

    Description

    Explore the fascinating world of phylogeny and the tree of life, highlighting how species evolve through natural processes and distinct lineages. Learn about the taxonomy system established by Carolus Linnaeus, including binomial nomenclature and hierarchical classifications. This quiz delves into the evolutionary history and classification of organisms.

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