60 Questions
Which scientist developed the idea of natural selection independently of Darwin?
Wallace
What is the term for a trait that is shared by different species because they both inherited it from a common ancestor?
Homologous trait
What is the term for a random change to a sequence of bases in an organism's DNA?
Mutation
What is the term for a change in allele frequencies produced by random differences in survival and reproduction?
Genetic drift
What is the term for the exchange of alleles between populations?
Gene flow
What is the term for the representation of the evolutionary history and relationships between groups of organisms?
Phylogeny
Which two domains of life are more closely related to each other?
Archaea and Bacteria
Which of the following is a distinguishing feature of Protists?
They have a true nucleus and organelles
What is the function of leaves in plants?
To perform photosynthesis and exchange gases
What innovation did Ferns have over Bryophytes?
The evolution of vascular tissues for efficient water and nutrient transport
Which group of plants is the most abundant and diverse?
Angiosperms
What is the general structure of fungi made up of?
Hyphae and polycerids
What is a distinguishing feature of Sponges?
They lack true tissues and organs
Which group of animals is characterized by their radial symmetry and presence of stinging cells?
Cnidarians
Which of the following best describes microevolution?
Changes in the frequency of genes in a population
What is macroevolution?
The evolution of large-scale structures and traits
What are the conditions required for natural selection to occur?
Genetic mutation, struggle for existence, and variation
What happens at the individual level in natural selection?
Genetic mutation helps individuals survive and reproduce
What happens at the population level in natural selection?
Favorable traits are passed down from generation to generation
Which example from the lecture demonstrates natural selection?
Peppered moths during the industrial revolution
What is the primary mechanism of natural selection?
Struggle for existence
Which of the following characteristics distinguishes flatworms (Platyhelminthes) from other animal groups?
Unsegmented, cylindrical body
What is the distinguishing feature of annelids?
Segmented body with repeating structures
Which of the following characteristics is unique to echinoderms?
Water vascular system and radial symmetry
What is the distinguishing feature of chordates/vertebrates?
Presence of a notochord and a dorsal nerve cord
Which of the following is a characteristic of fish?
Aquatic vertebrates with gills for respiration
What is a distinguishing feature of birds (Aves)?
Feathered, warm-blooded vertebrates
Which of the following characteristics is unique to mammals (Mammalia)?
Warm-blooded vertebrates with hair or fur
What is a primate known for?
Forward-facing eyes and grasping hands
What is the distinguishing feature of hominins?
Modern humans and our direct ancestors
Polygenic Trees are used to organize the characteristics of different groups of organisms.
False
Bacteria and Archaea are genetically and biochemically distinct from each other.
True
Protozoans are a subgroup of protists that are photosynthetic.
False
Leaves in plants perform photosynthesis to produce sugars and oxygen.
True
Ferns have the innovation of vascular tissues for efficient water and nutrient transport.
True
Gymnosperms are more abundant than angiosperms.
False
The structure of fungi is made up of hyphae and polycerids.
True
True or false: Microevolution refers to the evolution of large-scale structures and traits that go significantly beyond the intraspecific variation found in microevolution.
False
True or false: Macroevolution is a change in evolution that occurs over a short period of time.
False
True or false: Natural selection is the process by which organisms that are more adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and pass on their genes.
True
True or false: Genetic mutation plays no role in natural selection.
False
True or false: The struggle for existence, variation, and inheritance are the three conditions required for natural selection to occur.
True
True or false: At the individual level, natural selection refers to the survival and reproduction of individuals that are best suited to their environment.
True
True or false: At the population level, natural selection results in the inheritance of favorable traits from one generation to the next.
True
True or false: Annelids have a closed circulatory system?
True
True or false: Nematodes have a pseudocoelom?
True
True or false: Echinoderms have bilateral symmetry?
False
True or false: Fish have gills for respiration?
True
True or false: Reptiles have bony plates?
True
True or false: Birds lay soft-shelled eggs?
False
True or false: Mammals produce milk to feed their young?
True
True or false: Primate is a subgroup of hominids?
False
True or false: Fungi obtain nutrients through absorption?
True
True or false: Lamarck's theory of "inheritance of acquired characteristics" was correct.
False
True or false: Homologous traits provide evidence for common ancestry.
True
True or false: Analogous traits are traits shared by different species because they both evolved a similar adaptation.
True
True or false: Mutation is a random change to a sequence of bases in an organism's DNA.
True
True or false: Genetic drift is a change in allele frequencies produced by non-random differences in survival and reproduction.
False
True or false: Gene flow is the exchange of alleles between populations.
True
True or false: Speciation occurs when gene flow stops between two populations for a short period of time.
False
Study Notes
Evolution and Characteristics of Different Organisms
- Microevolution refers to changes in the gene pool of a population, while macroevolution involves large-scale changes in evolution over many years.
- Natural selection is the process by which organisms that are better adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and pass on their genes.
- Examples of natural selection include the color change in peppered moths during the industrial revolution and the development of stronger beaks in finches to adapt to changing food sources.
- Darwin's contribution to advancing our knowledge of the natural world was developing the concept of natural selection, while Wallace independently developed the same idea.
- Lamarck's contribution was the incorrect theory of "inheritance of acquired characteristics."
- Homologous traits are shared by different species due to a common ancestor, providing evidence for evolution, such as the similarity in limb structure among tetrapods, humans, cats, whales, and bats.
- Analogous traits are similar adaptations that evolved independently in unrelated organisms, and they are due to convergent evolution.
- Mutation is a random change in an organism's DNA sequence, genetic drift is a change in allele frequencies due to random differences in survival and reproduction, and gene flow is the exchange of alleles between populations.
- Speciation occurs when gene flow stops between two populations for a sufficient period of time, leading to the formation of new populations.
- Phylogeny is the representation of the evolutionary history and relationships between groups of organisms, constructed using homologous traits, analogous traits, and molecular evidence.
- The three domains of life are Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya, with Bacteria and Archaea being more closely related.
- Major plant organs include roots for absorption and anchoring, stems for support and transport, and leaves for photosynthesis and gas exchange.
- Different groups of plants, such as bryophytes, ferns, gymnosperms, and angiosperms, have distinct characteristics and innovations, with angiosperms being the most abundant and diverse group.
Learn how to organize and compare different groups of organisms using the convenient Polygenic Trees. This quiz will test your understanding of evolutionary descent and the characteristics of various species, organisms, and genes. Get ready to enhance your knowledge of taxonomy and classification!
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