PHR3100 Human Physiology and Disease Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What does the term physiology refer to?

  • The study of body structure
  • The study of normal function in living systems (correct)
  • The study of human anatomy exclusively
  • The study of diseases and their impact on the body

    • Which statement best describes the relationship between structure and function in anatomy?

  • Structure has no influence on function.
  • The function of a tissue or organ is closely linked to its structure. (correct)
  • Structure and function are unrelated concepts.
  • Function is solely determined by the location of the structure.

    • Which of the following is NOT one of the four general types of tissue?

  • Connective tissue
  • Nervous tissue
  • Fluid tissue (correct)
  • Muscular tissue

    • What is likely to happen when a muscle's metabolic activity increases?

    <p>Blood flow to the muscle increases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which system is NOT mentioned as part of the introduction to organ systems?

    <p>Skeletal System</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the heart function according to the concept of functional anatomy?

    <p>It contracts to pump blood and relaxes to fill with blood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key focus of physiology in studying biological function?

    <p>Relationship between molecules and complex processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when there is an increase in metabolic activity of a muscle?

    <p>Increase in blood flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes the hierarchical organization of the body?

    <p>Cells -&gt; Tissues -&gt; Organs -&gt; Organ systems -&gt; Organism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of teaching approach will be used in lectures?

    <p>Active fill-in notes approach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is cell differentiation?

    <p>The specialization of cells to perform specific functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of differentiated cell is responsible for contraction and movement in the body?

    <p>Muscle cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of epithelial cells?

    <p>Covering and lining surfaces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding tissues?

    <p>Tissues are aggregates of differentiated cells with similar functions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During active hyperemia, which physiological change occurs in a muscle?

    <p>Increased arteriolar dilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of connective tissue cells?

    <p>Structural support and connection of different tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of tissue is responsible for generating mechanical force by contraction?

    <p>Muscle tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of epithelial tissue?

    <p>Electrical signal conduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of muscle tissue is under voluntary control?

    <p>Skeletal muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is nervous tissue primarily organized?

    <p>As a collection of neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is essential for the extracellular matrix (ECM) in connective tissue?

    <p>Collagen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best defines an organ?

    <p>A structural unit of tissues functioning together</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of connective tissue supports body structures and includes tendons and ligaments?

    <p>Dense connective tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of tissue can be classified into simple and stratified arrangements?

    <p>Epithelial tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Course Information

    • Course name: PHR3100 Human Physiology and Disease
    • Year: 2025
    • Instructor: Dr. Vadim V. Fedorov, Ph.D.
    • Professor of Physiology and Cell Biology
    • Office: 5196 Graves Hall
    • Email: [email protected]
    • Email subject line instructions: Include "PHR3100" and "Your Name"

    Expectations

    • In-class presentations and demonstrations
    • Homework: Read lectures and Vander's Human Physiology textbook
    • Active participation encouraged
    • Question answering and asking rewarded with "The Honey Badger Badge"

    Lecture Schedule

    • Lecture 1: Organization of the Body (Sections 1.1-1.2)
    • Lecture 2: Fluid composition and homeostasis (Sections 1.3-1.8)
    • Lecture 3: Cell Membranes and Membrane Transport (Sections 3A.2; 3C.1,4.1,4.2,4.4)
    • Lecture 4: Cell Receptors and Signal Transduction (Sections 5.1-5.2)
    • Active fill-in notes approach for lectures

    Learning Objectives

    • Define Physiology and Pathophysiology
    • Define Organization and "Layers" of the Body
    • Define Cell and list cell functions
    • List the four general types of tissue and tell their specialization
    • Define Organs and Organ System

    Anatomy and Physiology

    • Anatomy: The study of the structure of the body
    • Physiology: The study of biological function; how the body works
    • Structure and function are closely interconnected (e.g., the heart's structure allows it to function as an electromechanical pump)

    Functional Anatomy Examples

    • The heart contracts and relaxes to pump blood
    • The stomach mixes, secretes enzymes, and absorbs nutrients

    Organ Systems

    • The image shows the Nervous, Digestive, and Muscular systems.

    Physiology Definition

    • Physiology literally means the study of normal function in living systems.
    • It studies biological function, from individual molecules to complex processes integrating organ functions.
    • Often presented in terms of cause-and-effect sequences.

    Physiology Flow Diagram Example

    • Increase in muscle metabolic activity leads to increases in blood flow.
    • This is due to decreased O2 and increase in metabolites in the interstitial fluid causing arteriole dilation in organs.

    Approaches to Physiology

    • Study organisms from components (parts and molecules, such as protein structure) to their cellular and organ function
    • Integrate organ functions to understand a healthy body's operation
    • Pathophysiology studies dysfunction as seen in human diseases

    Organization of the Body

    • Hierarchical: cells → tissues → organs → organ systems → organism

    Cell Functions

    • Cells exchange materials with their environment
    • Cells obtain energy from organic nutrients
    • Cells synthesize complex molecules
    • Cells can reproduce
    • Cells detect and respond to signals in their environment

    Cell Differentiation

    • In development, cells specialize to perform certain functions
    • This specialization is called cell differentiation

    Four Broad Types of Differentiated Cells

    • Muscle cells (myocytes) - skeletal, cardiac, and smooth
    • Neural cells (neurons)
    • Epithelial cells
    • Connective tissue cells

    Tissues

    • Tissues are an aggregate of differentiated cells with similar properties/functions
    • Four general tissue types: muscle tissue, nervous tissue, epithelial tissue, and connective tissue

    Muscle Cells and Tissue

    • Three types—cardiac, skeletal, and smooth—are specialized to generate mechanical force by contraction.
    • Skeletal Muscle is voluntary
    • Cardiac and Smooth muscle are involuntary

    Neurons and Nervous Tissue

    • Neurons initiate, integrate and conduct electrical signals
    • Neurons control the activity of other cells
    • Collection of neurons forms nervous tissue (e.g. brain, spinal cord)
    • Neurons form nerves to carry electrical signals

    Epithelial Cells and Tissue

    • Epithelial cells specialize in selective secretion, absorption, of ions and organic molecules, and protection
    • Epithelial are categorized by arrangement (simple or stratified) or by shape

    Connective tissue cells and Tissue

    • Connective tissue cells connect, anchor, and support structures of the body
    • Includes loose connective tissue, dense connective tissue, blood, cartilage, bone, and adipose tissue
    • Forms extracellular matrix (ECM) that supports cells, provides attachments, and transmits information
    • ECM is composed of fibrous proteins (e.g., collagen and elastin)

    Organs-Organ System

    • Organ: Collection of tissues serving a common function (e.g., heart, kidney)
    • Organ system: Organs working together for an overall function (e.g., cardiovascular system, urinary system)
    • Organism: Coordinates activities of organ systems to maintain a stable internal environment

    Exam 1 Example Question

    • Red Blood Cells are Connective tissue cells

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on key concepts from PHR3100 Human Physiology and Disease. This quiz covers topics including the organization of the body, fluid composition, cell membranes, and signal transduction. Challenge yourself and reinforce your understanding of physiology and pathophysiology principles.

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