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Two _______________________ cooperate in the light reactions.
Two _______________________ cooperate in the light reactions.
photosystems
Photons excite electrons in the _______________________ of the first photosystem.
Photons excite electrons in the _______________________ of the first photosystem.
chlorophyll
This is the step that releases _______________________ during photosynthesis.
This is the step that releases _______________________ during photosynthesis.
O2
The chloroplast uses the energy released by this electron “fall” to make _______________________.
The chloroplast uses the energy released by this electron “fall” to make _______________________.
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The second photosystem transfers its light excited electrons to _______________________, converting it to NADPH.
The second photosystem transfers its light excited electrons to _______________________, converting it to NADPH.
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Within the _______________________ (fluid) of the chloroplast, carbon dioxide from the air and ATP and NADPH produced during the light reactions are used to produce G3P.
Within the _______________________ (fluid) of the chloroplast, carbon dioxide from the air and ATP and NADPH produced during the light reactions are used to produce G3P.
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The Calvin cycle is the actual sugar _______________________ machinery.
The Calvin cycle is the actual sugar _______________________ machinery.
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This process is called a cycle because its starting material is _______________________.
This process is called a cycle because its starting material is _______________________.
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The type of plants that have no phloem or xylem tubes are called ______ plants.
The type of plants that have no phloem or xylem tubes are called ______ plants.
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A type of plant that reproduces by spores is the ______.
A type of plant that reproduces by spores is the ______.
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Plants that reproduce by seeds, not spores, are classified as ______ plants.
Plants that reproduce by seeds, not spores, are classified as ______ plants.
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The plant organ responsible for transporting nutrients to the leaves is the ______.
The plant organ responsible for transporting nutrients to the leaves is the ______.
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The ______ is the vascular tissue that delivers products of photosynthesis from leaves.
The ______ is the vascular tissue that delivers products of photosynthesis from leaves.
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The type of tropism that involves growth towards light is ______.
The type of tropism that involves growth towards light is ______.
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Invertebrates, which include sponges, belong to the ______ kingdom.
Invertebrates, which include sponges, belong to the ______ kingdom.
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The phylum that includes sponges is ______.
The phylum that includes sponges is ______.
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Nucleotides are joined together by ______ bonds between the sugar of one nucleotide and the phosphate of the next.
Nucleotides are joined together by ______ bonds between the sugar of one nucleotide and the phosphate of the next.
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The sugar-phosphate-sugar-phosphate pattern is known as a ______ backbone.
The sugar-phosphate-sugar-phosphate pattern is known as a ______ backbone.
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Each nucleotide consists of three components: a ______ base, a sugar, and a phosphate group.
Each nucleotide consists of three components: a ______ base, a sugar, and a phosphate group.
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The four nucleotides found in DNA differ only in their ______ bases.
The four nucleotides found in DNA differ only in their ______ bases.
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Thymine (T) and cytosine (C) are ______-ring structures.
Thymine (T) and cytosine (C) are ______-ring structures.
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The full name for DNA is deoxyribonucleic acid, with ______ referring to DNA’s location in the nuclei of eukaryotic cells.
The full name for DNA is deoxyribonucleic acid, with ______ referring to DNA’s location in the nuclei of eukaryotic cells.
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Watson and Crick worked out the three-dimensional structure of DNA: two ______ strands wrapped around each other in a double helix.
Watson and Crick worked out the three-dimensional structure of DNA: two ______ strands wrapped around each other in a double helix.
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Hydrogen bonds between ______ hold the strands together.
Hydrogen bonds between ______ hold the strands together.
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Phylum Cnidaria have tentacles with ______ cells in their tips for preying
Phylum Cnidaria have tentacles with ______ cells in their tips for preying
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Phylum Platyhelminthes lack any ______ or circulatory systems
Phylum Platyhelminthes lack any ______ or circulatory systems
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Phylum Annelida, also known as ______ Worms, include earthworm and leech
Phylum Annelida, also known as ______ Worms, include earthworm and leech
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Phylum Mollusca are invertebrates with soft ______ bodies
Phylum Mollusca are invertebrates with soft ______ bodies
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Phylum Arthropoda have ______ legs and an exoskeleton
Phylum Arthropoda have ______ legs and an exoskeleton
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Class Insecta, a class of Phylum Arthropoda, have ______ legs
Class Insecta, a class of Phylum Arthropoda, have ______ legs
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Phylum Echinodermata include ______ and sea urchin
Phylum Echinodermata include ______ and sea urchin
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Vertebrates are characterized by the presence of ______
Vertebrates are characterized by the presence of ______
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Commensalism is a relationship in which one species _______________________ while the other species is not affected.
Commensalism is a relationship in which one species _______________________ while the other species is not affected.
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In a mutualistic relationship, both species _______________________ from each other.
In a mutualistic relationship, both species _______________________ from each other.
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The organ system responsible for food processing is the _______________________ system.
The organ system responsible for food processing is the _______________________ system.
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The heart, blood vessels, and blood are components of the _______________________ system.
The heart, blood vessels, and blood are components of the _______________________ system.
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The lungs, trachea, and other breathing tubes are parts of the _______________________ system.
The lungs, trachea, and other breathing tubes are parts of the _______________________ system.
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The organ system that helps the body defend against infections and diseases is the immune and _______________________ system.
The organ system that helps the body defend against infections and diseases is the immune and _______________________ system.
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The excretory system is responsible for the disposal of _______________________ wastes.
The excretory system is responsible for the disposal of _______________________ wastes.
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The pituitary, thyroid, and adrenal glands are all part of the _______________________ system.
The pituitary, thyroid, and adrenal glands are all part of the _______________________ system.
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Study Notes
Photosynthesis
- Two photosystems cooperate in the light reactions to produce ATP and NADPH.
- The first photosystem extracts electrons from water, releasing O2 during photosynthesis.
- The energy from the "electron fall" is used to make ATP.
- The second photosystem converts NADP+ to NADPH.
The Calvin Cycle
- The Calvin cycle is a process that produces G3P, an energy-rich sugar molecule, using CO2, ATP, and NADPH.
- The cycle is a sugar manufacturing process that regenerates its starting material.
- Each turn of the cycle has chemical inputs and outputs.
Plant Classification
- Non-vascular plants: lack phloem and xylem, reproduce by spores, examples include algae and bryophytes.
- Vascular plants: have phloem and xylem, reproduce by seeds, examples include pteridophytes, gymnosperms, and angiosperms.
Plant Organs
- Roots: anchor the plant, absorb water and nutrients from the soil.
- Stem: transport nutrients to the leaves.
- Xylem: vascular tissue that delivers nutrients up from the root.
- Phloem: vascular tissue that delivers products of photosynthesis from leaves.
- Leaves: where plants manufacture their food.
- Stomata: tiny pores on leaf surfaces that allow substances to be absorbed into the plant.
- Flowers: the reproductive organ of plants.
Tropisms in Plants
- Tropism: growth toward or away from a stimulus.
- Examples of tropisms include phototropism (to light), geotropism (to gravity), thigmotropism (to touch), and hydrotropism (to moisture).
Animal Kingdom
- Invertebrates: lack a backbone, examples include porifera, cnidaria, platyhelminthes, nematoda, annelida, mollusca, and arthropoda.
- Vertebrates: have a backbone, examples include cold-blooded vertebrates (poikilothermic/ectothermic) and warm-blooded vertebrates (endothermic).
DNA and RNA
- DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid, contains deoxyribose sugar, and has the bases adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T).
- RNA: ribonucleic acid, contains ribose sugar, and has the bases adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and uracil (U).
- Watson and Crick discovered the double helix structure of DNA, with two polynucleotide strands wrapped around each other.
Organ Systems in Humans
- Digestive system: mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas, anus; main functions include food processing and elimination.
- Circulatory system: heart, blood vessels, blood; main function is internal distribution of materials.
- Respiratory system: lungs, trachea, other breathing tubes; main function is gas exchange.
- Immune and lymphatic system: bone marrow, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen, lymph vessels; main function is body defense.
- Excretory system: kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra; main function is disposal of metabolic wastes and regulation of osmotic balance.
- Endocrine system: pituitary, thyroid, pancreas, adrenal, and other hormone-secreting glands; main function is coordination of body activities.
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Description
This quiz covers the energy flow during the photosynthesis process, including the cooperation of two photosystems and the role of photons, electrons, and water.
