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Questions and Answers
Which part of the chloroplast is primarily involved in the light reactions of photosynthesis?
Which part of the chloroplast is primarily involved in the light reactions of photosynthesis?
What is the main function of chlorophyll in photosynthesis?
What is the main function of chlorophyll in photosynthesis?
Which enzyme is responsible for the conversion of inorganic carbon dioxide into an organic form during the Calvin cycle?
Which enzyme is responsible for the conversion of inorganic carbon dioxide into an organic form during the Calvin cycle?
What differentiates cyclic photophosphorylation from non-cyclic photophosphorylation?
What differentiates cyclic photophosphorylation from non-cyclic photophosphorylation?
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Which molecule acts as the electron carrier between photosystem II and photosystem I?
Which molecule acts as the electron carrier between photosystem II and photosystem I?
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What is the end product of the Calvin cycle?
What is the end product of the Calvin cycle?
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Which complex mediates ATP synthesis during the light reactions?
Which complex mediates ATP synthesis during the light reactions?
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What role does ferredoxin play in photosystem I?
What role does ferredoxin play in photosystem I?
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Which process generates glucose 6-phosphate as a product?
Which process generates glucose 6-phosphate as a product?
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Which hormones are primarily involved in regulating glycogen metabolism?
Which hormones are primarily involved in regulating glycogen metabolism?
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What is the main role of glycogen phosphorylase in glycogen metabolism?
What is the main role of glycogen phosphorylase in glycogen metabolism?
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Under what conditions would muscle cells primarily break down glycogen?
Under what conditions would muscle cells primarily break down glycogen?
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What distinguishes type 1 diabetes from type 2 diabetes?
What distinguishes type 1 diabetes from type 2 diabetes?
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Which of the following statements accurately describes glycogenesis?
Which of the following statements accurately describes glycogenesis?
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What is the primary metabolic cost of adding a glucose molecule to glycogen compared to releasing a glucose molecule from glycogen?
What is the primary metabolic cost of adding a glucose molecule to glycogen compared to releasing a glucose molecule from glycogen?
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What shifts glycogen synthase between active and inactive conformations?
What shifts glycogen synthase between active and inactive conformations?
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What is the primary role of activated sugar nucleotides in plants?
What is the primary role of activated sugar nucleotides in plants?
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Which process is used by C4 plants to minimize photorespiration?
Which process is used by C4 plants to minimize photorespiration?
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What is the main reason why gluconeogenesis occurs in organisms?
What is the main reason why gluconeogenesis occurs in organisms?
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Which enzyme is responsible for the carboxylation of pyruvate in gluconeogenesis?
Which enzyme is responsible for the carboxylation of pyruvate in gluconeogenesis?
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Which molecule serves a role similar to sucrose in animals?
Which molecule serves a role similar to sucrose in animals?
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What is the function of thioredoxin in the Calvin cycle?
What is the function of thioredoxin in the Calvin cycle?
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How is the regulation of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis achieved by ATP, AMP, and citrate?
How is the regulation of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis achieved by ATP, AMP, and citrate?
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What describes the Cori cycle's function in mammals?
What describes the Cori cycle's function in mammals?
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Study Notes
Photosynthesis Light Reactions
- Chloroplasts are the location of different photosynthesis reactions
- Chlorophyll structure and absorption spectra are important
- Photosystems capture light energy, transferring it between molecules
- NADPH and NADH have different roles in the cell
- Photosystem I and II use different components to transfer electrons
- Water-oxidizing complex plays a role in ATP production
- ATP synthase and proton motive force are similar but different
- Photosynthesis creates ATP to meet cell needs
- Cyclic photophosphorylation differs from normal photophosphorylation
Photosynthesis Calvin Cycle
- Calvin cycle has three stages with specific inputs and outputs
- Key compounds and enzymes in the cycle include RuBP, 3-PGA, CO2, Rubisco, and others
- Triose phosphate products have diverse roles in plant metabolism
- CO2, and turns of the cycle are key to overall equation
- Activated sugar nucleotides are used in plants to form starches, sucrose
- Thioredoxin plays a role in activating Calvin cycle enzymes
- Photorespiration is a process, not ideal for plants
- C4 plants have a different mechanism to avoid photorespiration
Gluconeogenesis
- Gluconeogenesis is the process that organisms employ to create glucose
- Glycogen structure and function are important components
- Gluconeogenesis is similar to but different from glycolysis
- Enzymes including pyruvate carboxylase, PEP carboxykinase, FBPase-1, glucose-6-phosphatase are crucial
- Malate-oxaloacetate shuttle is necessary
- Glucose 6-phosphatase is located in the liver
- Reciprocal regulation of enzymes in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis
- Hormones (glucagon and insulin) and F2-6BP influence these pathways
- Cori cycle is a crucial metabolic pathway
Glycogen Metabolism
- Glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis, and glycogenesis are defined terms to understand
- Glycogen structure and function are important
- Muscle and liver cells have different roles in glycogen metabolism
- Glycogen breakdown and synthesis processes are detailed
- Active and inactive forms of enzymes and their modifications are important
- Insulin and glucagon have specific roles and lead to glycogen reactions.
- Blood glucose homeostasis is maintained with liver and pancreas involvement
Pentose Phosphate Pathway
- Inputs and outputs of the pentose phosphate pathway are defined
- Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and other enzymes are key
- The reactions of the PPP involve reactions including transketolase, and transaldolase
- 3-, 5-, and 6-carbon compounds have various uses
- Glutathione protects cells from reactive oxygen species, ROS
- PPP contributes to cell function
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Description
Explore the intricate processes of photosynthesis through the light reactions and the Calvin cycle. This quiz covers key concepts such as the roles of chloroplasts, chlorophyll, and the ATP synthesis mechanisms. Test your understanding of the input-output dynamics and the compounds involved in plant metabolism.
