Photosynthesis: Light Reactions and Calvin Cycle
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Questions and Answers

Which part of the chloroplast is primarily involved in the light reactions of photosynthesis?

  • Inner membrane
  • Stroma
  • Thylakoid membranes (correct)
  • Outer membrane

What is the main function of chlorophyll in photosynthesis?

  • It produces oxygen
  • It synthesizes glucose
  • It stores energy
  • It absorbs sunlight (correct)

Which enzyme is responsible for the conversion of inorganic carbon dioxide into an organic form during the Calvin cycle?

  • Transketolase
  • Phosphoglucose isomerase
  • Ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (rubisco) (correct)
  • Aldolase

What differentiates cyclic photophosphorylation from non-cyclic photophosphorylation?

<p>Non-cyclic uses water as an electron source (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which molecule acts as the electron carrier between photosystem II and photosystem I?

<p>Plastocyanin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the end product of the Calvin cycle?

<p>Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (GAP) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which complex mediates ATP synthesis during the light reactions?

<p>ATP synthase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does ferredoxin play in photosystem I?

<p>It donates electrons to NADP+ (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process generates glucose 6-phosphate as a product?

<p>Glycolysis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormones are primarily involved in regulating glycogen metabolism?

<p>Epinephrine, insulin, and glucagon (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of glycogen phosphorylase in glycogen metabolism?

<p>Degrade glycogen to generate glucose 6-phosphate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Under what conditions would muscle cells primarily break down glycogen?

<p>During high-intensity exercise (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes type 1 diabetes from type 2 diabetes?

<p>Type 1 is characterized by a lack of insulin production, while type 2 involves insulin resistance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes glycogenesis?

<p>It requires the activated sugar carrier, UDP-glucose (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary metabolic cost of adding a glucose molecule to glycogen compared to releasing a glucose molecule from glycogen?

<p>Adding glucose to glycogen has a higher cost due to ATP consumption (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What shifts glycogen synthase between active and inactive conformations?

<p>Covalent modifications and allosteric modifications (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of activated sugar nucleotides in plants?

<p>To create structural polysaccharides (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process is used by C4 plants to minimize photorespiration?

<p>C4 pathway (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason why gluconeogenesis occurs in organisms?

<p>To synthesize glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme is responsible for the carboxylation of pyruvate in gluconeogenesis?

<p>Pyruvate carboxylase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which molecule serves a role similar to sucrose in animals?

<p>Glycogen (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of thioredoxin in the Calvin cycle?

<p>Reducing disulfide bonds in enzymes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the regulation of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis achieved by ATP, AMP, and citrate?

<p>Using negative feedback and reciprocal regulation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What describes the Cori cycle's function in mammals?

<p>Connecting lactate and glucose metabolism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Chloroplast structure

Chloroplasts are organelles in plant cells that contain chlorophyll, and where photosynthesis occurs. They have an outer and inner membrane, stroma (the fluid-filled space), and thylakoids (membranous sacs).

Photosystem

A complex of proteins and pigments that capture light energy for photosynthesis.

Reaction Center

A specific chlorophyll molecule within a photosystem that converts light energy into chemical energy.

Absorption Spectrum

A graph showing the amount of light absorbed by a substance (like chlorophyll) at different wavelengths.

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Chlorophyll

Green pigment in plants that absorbs light energy for photosynthesis.

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Calvin Cycle

The second stage of photosynthesis, where CO2 from the atmosphere is converted to sugars.

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Photosynthesis overall reaction

6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy → C6H12O6 + 6O2

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Photolysis

The splitting of water molecules in photosynthesis, supplying electrons and O2.

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Photophosphorylation

The process of synthesizing ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate during light reactions of photosynthesis using the proton gradient.

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NADH vs NADPH

Both are electron carriers, but differ in their function (NADH in cellular respiration/NADPH in photosynthesis).

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Cyclic Photophosphorylation

A type of photophosphorylation that generates ATP but not NADPH, using only photosystem I.

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Calvin Cycle

A metabolic pathway that uses energy from light-dependent reactions to convert carbon dioxide (CO2) into glucose.

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Activated sugar nucleotide

A nucleoside triphosphate with a sugar/phosphate group attached for metabolic reactions like building starch, sucrose, or cellulose.

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Photorespiration

A metabolic pathway that occurs in plants which consumes oxygen and releases carbon dioxide.

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C4 plants

Plants that use a special carbon fixation pathway to minimize photorespiration.

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Gluconeogenesis

The metabolic pathway that synthesizes glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors.

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Glycogen

A branched polysaccharide that serves as a storage form of glucose in animals.

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Pyruvate carboxylase

Enzyme that catalyzes the first step of gluconeogenesis, converting pyruvate to oxaloacetate.

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Cori cycle

The metabolic pathway that transfers lactate between muscle and liver enabling gluconeogenesis

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Allostery

Regulatory mechanism in which an enzyme's activity is modulated by the binding of a molecule at a site other than the active site.

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Glycogen Metabolism

The process of storing and releasing glucose in the form of glycogen.

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Glucose 6-phosphate production

The creation of glucose 6-phosphate, a crucial intermediate in carbohydrate metabolism.

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Blood glucose homeostasis

The regulation of blood glucose levels within a narrow range.

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Glycolysis

The breakdown of glucose into pyruvate.

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Gluconeogenesis

The synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors.

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Glycogenolysis

The breakdown of glycogen to glucose.

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Glycogenesis

The synthesis of glycogen from glucose.

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Glycogen structure/function

Branched polysaccharide used to store glucose.

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Muscle glycogen

Glycogen stored in muscle cells, used for muscle activity.

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Liver glycogen

Glycogen stored in liver cells, maintains blood glucose.

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Glycogen phosphorylase

Enzyme that catalyzes glycogen breakdown.

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Glycogen synthase

Enzyme that catalyzes glycogen synthesis.

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Glucagon

Hormone that stimulates glycogen breakdown.

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Epinephrine

Hormone that stimulates glycogen breakdown in muscle.

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Insulin

A hormone that promotes glucose uptake and glycogen synthesis.

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Type 1 diabetes

An autoimmune disorder where the body's immune system attacks insulin-producing cells in the pancreas.

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Type 2 diabetes

A condition where the body doesn't utilize insulin properly and resists its action.

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Pentose Phosphate Pathway

Metabolic pathway that generates NADPH and pentose sugars.

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Study Notes

Photosynthesis Light Reactions

  • Chloroplasts are the location of different photosynthesis reactions
  • Chlorophyll structure and absorption spectra are important
  • Photosystems capture light energy, transferring it between molecules
  • NADPH and NADH have different roles in the cell
  • Photosystem I and II use different components to transfer electrons
  • Water-oxidizing complex plays a role in ATP production
  • ATP synthase and proton motive force are similar but different
  • Photosynthesis creates ATP to meet cell needs
  • Cyclic photophosphorylation differs from normal photophosphorylation

Photosynthesis Calvin Cycle

  • Calvin cycle has three stages with specific inputs and outputs
  • Key compounds and enzymes in the cycle include RuBP, 3-PGA, CO2, Rubisco, and others
  • Triose phosphate products have diverse roles in plant metabolism
  • CO2, and turns of the cycle are key to overall equation
  • Activated sugar nucleotides are used in plants to form starches, sucrose
  • Thioredoxin plays a role in activating Calvin cycle enzymes
  • Photorespiration is a process, not ideal for plants
  • C4 plants have a different mechanism to avoid photorespiration

Gluconeogenesis

  • Gluconeogenesis is the process that organisms employ to create glucose
  • Glycogen structure and function are important components
  • Gluconeogenesis is similar to but different from glycolysis
  • Enzymes including pyruvate carboxylase, PEP carboxykinase, FBPase-1, glucose-6-phosphatase are crucial
  • Malate-oxaloacetate shuttle is necessary
  • Glucose 6-phosphatase is located in the liver
  • Reciprocal regulation of enzymes in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis
  • Hormones (glucagon and insulin) and F2-6BP influence these pathways
  • Cori cycle is a crucial metabolic pathway

Glycogen Metabolism

  • Glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis, and glycogenesis are defined terms to understand
  • Glycogen structure and function are important
  • Muscle and liver cells have different roles in glycogen metabolism
  • Glycogen breakdown and synthesis processes are detailed
  • Active and inactive forms of enzymes and their modifications are important
  • Insulin and glucagon have specific roles and lead to glycogen reactions.
  • Blood glucose homeostasis is maintained with liver and pancreas involvement

Pentose Phosphate Pathway

  • Inputs and outputs of the pentose phosphate pathway are defined
  • Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and other enzymes are key
  • The reactions of the PPP involve reactions including transketolase, and transaldolase
  • 3-, 5-, and 6-carbon compounds have various uses
  • Glutathione protects cells from reactive oxygen species, ROS
  • PPP contributes to cell function

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Description

Explore the intricate processes of photosynthesis through the light reactions and the Calvin cycle. This quiz covers key concepts such as the roles of chloroplasts, chlorophyll, and the ATP synthesis mechanisms. Test your understanding of the input-output dynamics and the compounds involved in plant metabolism.

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