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Questions and Answers
What is the primary purpose of chromatography in the context of photosynthesis?
What is the primary purpose of chromatography in the context of photosynthesis?
Which technique utilizes a thin layer of adsorbent for the separation of photosynthetic pigments?
Which technique utilizes a thin layer of adsorbent for the separation of photosynthetic pigments?
What is the retardation factor (Rf value) used for in chromatography?
What is the retardation factor (Rf value) used for in chromatography?
What advantage does thin-layer chromatography (TLC) have over paper chromatography?
What advantage does thin-layer chromatography (TLC) have over paper chromatography?
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Which pigments are primarily involved in the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis?
Which pigments are primarily involved in the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis?
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What should be labeled on the x-axis of the action spectrum for photosynthesis?
What should be labeled on the x-axis of the action spectrum for photosynthesis?
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Where do the peaks of the photosynthesis rate occur on the spectrum?
Where do the peaks of the photosynthesis rate occur on the spectrum?
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What characteristic should the curve of the action spectrum exhibit?
What characteristic should the curve of the action spectrum exhibit?
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At which part of the spectrum is the trough representing green light located?
At which part of the spectrum is the trough representing green light located?
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What type of scale should be utilized on the y-axis of the action spectrum graph?
What type of scale should be utilized on the y-axis of the action spectrum graph?
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What is the role of reduced NADP in photosynthesis?
What is the role of reduced NADP in photosynthesis?
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Which condition will most significantly limit the Calvin cycle's function?
Which condition will most significantly limit the Calvin cycle's function?
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What happens to NADP after it is oxidized in the Calvin cycle?
What happens to NADP after it is oxidized in the Calvin cycle?
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How does a lack of carbon dioxide affect photosystem II?
How does a lack of carbon dioxide affect photosystem II?
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What is a consequence of NADP not being returned quickly to the light dependent stage?
What is a consequence of NADP not being returned quickly to the light dependent stage?
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What is the primary research question being investigated?
What is the primary research question being investigated?
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Which method is suggested to improve the accuracy of measuring gas production?
Which method is suggested to improve the accuracy of measuring gas production?
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What variable must be controlled to prevent it from limiting the rate of photosynthesis?
What variable must be controlled to prevent it from limiting the rate of photosynthesis?
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How is temperature controlled in the photosynthesis experiment?
How is temperature controlled in the photosynthesis experiment?
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What is the purpose of boiling the water used in the experiment?
What is the purpose of boiling the water used in the experiment?
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What is the optimal concentration of sodium hydrogencarbonate to ensure adequate CO2 levels?
What is the optimal concentration of sodium hydrogencarbonate to ensure adequate CO2 levels?
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What trend is expected when plotting the number of bubbles produced per minute against lamp distance?
What trend is expected when plotting the number of bubbles produced per minute against lamp distance?
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Which of the following is a recommended practice for enhancing reliability in the photosynthesis experiment?
Which of the following is a recommended practice for enhancing reliability in the photosynthesis experiment?
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What is the role of electrons produced during the photolysis of water in photosystem II?
What is the role of electrons produced during the photolysis of water in photosystem II?
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What is reduced during the process involving photosystem I?
What is reduced during the process involving photosystem I?
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In what part of the chloroplast do the light-independent reactions occur?
In what part of the chloroplast do the light-independent reactions occur?
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Which of the following is involved in the reduction of NADP+ to NADPH?
Which of the following is involved in the reduction of NADP+ to NADPH?
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What is the correct formula representing the reduction of NADP+?
What is the correct formula representing the reduction of NADP+?
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What key process involves combining hydrogen ions with electrons in the light-dependent reactions?
What key process involves combining hydrogen ions with electrons in the light-dependent reactions?
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Which statement is true regarding the Calvin cycle?
Which statement is true regarding the Calvin cycle?
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What is the primary function of the reduced ferredoxin in the light-dependent reactions?
What is the primary function of the reduced ferredoxin in the light-dependent reactions?
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What is the relationship between light intensity and the rate of photosynthesis up to a certain point?
What is the relationship between light intensity and the rate of photosynthesis up to a certain point?
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What happens after light intensity reaches a certain level in photosynthesis?
What happens after light intensity reaches a certain level in photosynthesis?
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When conducting an experiment to measure the effect of carbon dioxide concentration on photosynthesis, what must be done to keep temperature constant?
When conducting an experiment to measure the effect of carbon dioxide concentration on photosynthesis, what must be done to keep temperature constant?
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To measure the rate of photosynthesis using sodium hydrogencarbonate, what should you do with the concentration?
To measure the rate of photosynthesis using sodium hydrogencarbonate, what should you do with the concentration?
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What variable must be controlled when measuring the rate of photosynthesis in an aquatic plant with a lamp?
What variable must be controlled when measuring the rate of photosynthesis in an aquatic plant with a lamp?
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In the photosynthesis experiment, increasing light intensity will eventually lead to what?
In the photosynthesis experiment, increasing light intensity will eventually lead to what?
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What would you expect to observe if both light intensity and carbon dioxide concentration are high?
What would you expect to observe if both light intensity and carbon dioxide concentration are high?
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If a graph shows a positive correlation between light intensity and the rate of photosynthesis, what does this indicate?
If a graph shows a positive correlation between light intensity and the rate of photosynthesis, what does this indicate?
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Study Notes
Photosynthesis Overview
- Photosynthesis is the process where simple inorganic compounds are converted into complex organic compounds.
- This process occurs in autotrophic organisms such as plants, algae, and cyanobacteria.
- Photosynthesis converts light energy into chemical energy, storing it in biomass.
- The chemical energy stored in organic compounds provides most of the chemical energy needed for life processes in ecosystems.
- Energy is only ever converted, not created or destroyed.
Photosynthesis Diagram
- The reactants of photosynthesis are carbon dioxide and water.
- The products of photosynthesis are glucose and oxygen.
- A leaf absorbs light energy to drive the process.
Photosynthesis Word Equation
- Carbon dioxide + water + light energy → glucose + oxygen
Photosynthetic Pigments
- Plants contain several different pigments, including chlorophylls and carotenoids, which absorb different wavelengths of light.
- Chlorophyll absorbs light in the blue-violet and red regions of the visible light spectrum and reflects green light.
- Carotenoids absorb light mainly in the blue-violet region of the spectrum.
- This broader range of absorbed visible light increases the efficiency of photosynthesis.
- Chromatography is used to separate different pigments based on their different properties, with varying affinities to a stationary and mobile phase.
Absorption Spectra
- Absorption spectra are graphs showing how much light different wavelengths are absorbed by a pigment.
- Pigments absorb certain wavelengths and reflect others, giving the plant its distinct color.
- The shape and wavelength region of an absorption spectrum is directly linked to the light absorbed by a pigment, and thus its function in photosynthesis.
Action Spectra
- Action spectra measure the rate of photosynthesis at different wavelengths of light.
- The action spectrum shows the greatest rates of photosynthesis at blue-violet and red wavelengths.
- This correlation demonstrates that these wavelengths are effectively used in the photosynthetic process.
Limiting Factors
- Light intensity, carbon dioxide concentration, and temperature all affect the rate of photosynthesis.
- At low light intensity, the rate of photosynthesis increases linearly as light intensity increases.
- At higher light intensities, the rate levels off, as other factors become limiting.
Limiting Factors Experiments
- Experiments can be set up to investigate the effects of varying light intensity, carbon dioxide concentration, and temperature on photosynthesis rates using aquatic plants like Elodea.
- Measured variables like the rate of oxygen production can be used to demonstrate the effect of any particular factor.
- Control variables such as temperature, carbon dioxide, and water quality must be monitored and kept constant.
Photosystems (HL)
- Chloroplasts contain pigments like chlorophyll, along with accessory pigments like carotenoids and xanthophylls, organized into photosystems.
- Photosystems are located in the thylakoid.
- Photosystem I (PSI) and Photosystem II (PSII) are crucial for light-dependent reactions.
- The pigment molecules (chlorophylls) within a photosystem absorb light and transfer the energy to a reaction center chlorophyll.
Light-Dependent Reactions (HL)
- Take place within the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts.
- Involve the splitting of water molecules (photolysis).
- Produce ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and reduced NADP (NADPH).
- Oxygen is a byproduct.
- Electrons flow from PSII to PSI through an electron transport chain.
- The energy released during electron transfer pumps protons across the thylakoid membrane.
- Chemosmosis drives the synthesis of ATP.
Light-Independent Reactions (HL)
- The Calvin cycle, occurring in the stroma of chloroplasts.
- Involves carbon fixation, reduction, and regeneration.
- RuBisCo (an enzyme) fixes carbon dioxide to RuBP, creating a six-carbon molecule that splits into two three-carbon molecules.
- These 3-carbon molecules are reduced to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P, a type of sugar).
- G3P can be used to produce glucose, starch, cellulose, or other organic compounds.
- The cycle regenerates RuBP to allow the cycle to continue.
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Description
Explore the fascinating process of photosynthesis, where light energy is transformed into chemical energy by plants and other autotrophs. This quiz covers key concepts such as reactants, products, and the role of pigments in photosynthesis. Test your knowledge about how energy flows through ecosystems via this essential biological process.
