Photosynthesis Mechanisms Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the role of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate in the regeneration of RuBP?

  • It is used to produce ATP.
  • It is converted directly into glucose.
  • It re-forms RuBP through a series of transformations. (correct)
  • It is utilized to initiate the Calvin cycle.

    • How many molecules of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate are needed to produce one molecule of glucose?

  • 2 molecules. (correct)
  • 1 molecule.
  • 4 molecules.
  • 3 molecules.

    • How many times must the Calvin cycle occur to produce one molecule of glucose?

  • 5 times.
  • 3 times.
  • 6 times. (correct)
  • 4 times.

    • Where do the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis primarily take place?

    <p>On the thylakoid membranes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do the light-dependent reactions produce?

    <p>ATP and NADPH. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of roots that involves supporting the plant body to the ground?

    <p>Anchoring of the plant body (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of root is characterized by a dominant, central root that grows straight downward?

    <p>Tap root (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of modified stem is known for having bulb-like structures that separate into smaller pieces when broken?

    <p>Bulb (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of root is commonly found in monocot angiosperms like grasses?

    <p>Fibrous root (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure in flowering plants is responsible for producing pollen?

    <p>Anther (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of root has a role in gas exchange and rises above the ground?

    <p>Aerating root (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which modified stem type is characterized by horizontal, aboveground growth?

    <p>Runner/Stolon (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which root type is specifically adapted to gather more nutrients in poor soil conditions, typically found in rainforests?

    <p>Buttress root (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of plants are classified as gymnosperms?

    <p>Seed-bearing plants with seeds in cones (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which plant groups are classified as non-vascular plants?

    <p>Mosses and liverworts (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of chlorophyll in plants?

    <p>To use sunlight for energy conversion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average lifespan of a short-lived plant?

    <p>3 to 4 years (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of tissue is responsible for water and nutrient transport in plants?

    <p>Vascular (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What part of the pistil serves as the landing zone for pollen?

    <p>Stigma (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following represents the oldest known living plant?

    <p>Pando (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of flower has all four floral sets present?

    <p>Complete flower (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of plants does not produce flowers?

    <p>Gymnosperms (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines meristematic tissues in plants?

    <p>They are responsible for plant growth (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates a simple fruit from an aggregate fruit?

    <p>Aggregate fruits develop from the ovaries of the same flower. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an advantage of seeds for plants?

    <p>Increase the number of flowers on the plant. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct definition of a multiple fruit?

    <p>A fruit formed from several flowers that fuse together on the same stalk. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure protects the embryo of a seed?

    <p>Seed coat (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure connects the stigma to the ovary in a pistil?

    <p>Style (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of fruit do multiple simple fruits come together?

    <p>Aggregate fruit (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is primarily responsible for promoting cell division in plants?

    <p>Cytokinin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of gibberellins on plants?

    <p>Promote stem elongation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does parthenocarpy benefit certain cultivated plants?

    <p>It causes ovaries to mature without fertilization. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the process of grafting?

    <p>Joining the shoot system of one plant to the root system of another. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cutting includes techniques such as leaf blade and leaf vein cutting?

    <p>Leaf cutting (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one characteristic of banana plants related to reproduction?

    <p>They propagate vegetatively due to being sterile. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of auxin?

    <p>Promoting cell division (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What advantage does using parthenocarpy provide to growers?

    <p>Reduces need for chemical pest control. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What substance is produced as a by-product during the process of taking electrons from water?

    <p>Oxygen molecules (O2) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process uses a hydrogen ion gradient to produce ATP?

    <p>Light-dependent reactions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Calvin Cycle?

    <p>Fix carbon dioxide into organic molecules (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is responsible for speeding up the reaction that incorporates CO2 into the Calvin Cycle?

    <p>Rubisco (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about ATP and NADPH is true?

    <p>They are used up in the Calvin Cycle. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the starting material for the Calvin Cycle?

    <p>Ribulose 1,5 bisphosphate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the end product of the Calvin Cycle?

    <p>Phosphoglyceraldehyde (PGAL) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What reaction occurs during the carbon reduction phase of the Calvin Cycle?

    <p>Use of electrons from NADPH to reduce carbon compounds (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Kingdom Plantae

    The biological kingdom that includes all plants.

    Non-Vascular Plants

    Plants that do not have vascular tissue; examples include mosses and liverworts.

    Vascular Plants

    Plants that have vascular tissue for transporting water and nutrients.

    Gymnospermae

    Seed-bearing plants that do not produce flowers; seeds are often in cones.

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    Angiospermae

    Flowering plants that produce seeds enclosed in a fruit.

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    Bryophytes

    Non-vascular plants that include mosses and liverworts.

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    Meristematic Tissues

    Plant tissues that can divide and form new cells; found in growth areas like roots and shoots.

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    Pando Trees

    A colony of genetically identical aspen trees, considered the oldest living organism on Earth.

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    Auxin

    A plant hormone that causes stem curvature toward light (phototropism).

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    Phototropism

    Plant movement towards light due to auxin concentration.

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    Cytokinin

    Plant hormone promoting cell division and chloroplast formation.

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    Gibberellins

    Hormones that promote stem growth, flowering, and seed germination.

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    Parthenocarpy

    Development of seedless fruit without fertilization.

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    Grafting

    Joining two plant parts (scion and stock) to grow together.

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    Cutting (plant propagation)

    A method of growing new plants from plant parts like stems or leaves.

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    Adventitious roots

    Roots that grow from non-root tissue during plant propagation.

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    Modified Stems

    Stems adapted for specific functions such as storage or vegetative reproduction.

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    Bulb

    A type of modified stem that contains concentric rings, e.g., onions.

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    Tuber

    A swollen underground stem, typically found in clusters, e.g., potatoes.

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    Rhizome

    A horizontal underground stem that can give rise to new shoots, e.g., ginger.

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    Tap Root

    A thick, central root that grows directly downward, e.g., carrots.

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    Fibrous Root

    Thin branching roots that emerge from a stem, common in grasses.

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    Stamen

    The male reproductive part of a flower, consisting of anther and filament.

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    Buttress Roots

    Large roots above ground that support tall trees in shallow soils, e.g., rainforest trees.

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    Pistil / Carpel

    The female part of a flower, consisting of stigma, style, and ovary.

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    Stigma

    The part of the pistil that serves as the landing zone for pollen.

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    Style

    A long, slender stalk that connects the stigma to the ovary.

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    Ovary

    The part of the pistil that holds the ovule(s) and develops into seeds after fertilization.

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    Complete Flower

    A flower that has all four floral parts: petals, sepal, pistil, and stamen.

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    Incomplete Flower

    A flower missing one or more of the essential floral parts.

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    Simple Fruit

    A fruit that develops from a single ovary of one or more carpels.

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    Aggregated Fruit

    Fruits that develop from multiple ovaries of the same flower, forming fruitlets.

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    Electron Transport Chain

    Series of electron carriers transferring high-energy electrons in photosynthesis.

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    NADPH Formation

    High-energy electrons are transferred to NADP+ to form NADPH in the thylakoid.

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    Oxygen Production

    Water molecules (H2O) donate electrons, releasing oxygen (O2) during photosynthesis.

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    ATP Formation

    Energy from the H+ gradient is used to convert ADP into ATP within the thylakoid.

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    Light Reaction Products

    The light-dependent reactions produce ATP and NADPH while consuming water and light energy.

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    Calvin Cycle

    Light-independent reactions that convert ATP and NADPH to longer-lasting energy compounds.

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    Carbon Fixation

    CO2 is added to ribulose 1,5 bisphosphate, forming a 6-carbon molecule that splits into two 3-carbon molecules (PGAL).

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    Carbon Reduction

    Reactions that use NADPH and ATP to convert carbon compounds into energy-rich molecules during photosynthesis.

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    RuBP

    Ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate, a key molecule in the Calvin Cycle.

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    Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate

    A 3-carbon sugar used to regenerate RuBP or form glucose.

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    ATP in Photosynthesis

    A high-energy molecule produced during light-dependent reactions.

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    NADPH

    An electron carrier that provides reducing power for the Calvin Cycle.

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    Study Notes

    Introduction to Botany

    • Botany is the scientific study of plants.
    • This includes studying plant structure, growth, classification, and development.
    • A botanist is a specialist in this field.

    Learning Targets

    • Compare and contrast processes like reproduction, development, and nutrition in plants and animals.
    • Study gas exchange, transport/circulation, regulation of body fluids, chemical and nervous control, immune systems, and sensory/motor mechanisms in plants and animals.

    Key Scientists

    • Theophrastus is considered the "Father of Plant Science".
    • He wrote extensively on the history of plants and their causes.
    • Aristotle was a plant scientist who believed plants were less specialized than animals.

    Plant Characteristics

    • Plants are multicellular living organisms, varying in size and lifespan.
    • Many plants are green in color.
    • Plants have adapted to a wide variety of habitats and have diverse methods of reproduction and dispersal.
    • Plants are autotrophs, using light energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into chemical energy.
    • Plants are anchored in the soil but are capable of movement in response to stimuli, called tropism.

    Tropism

    • Tropism is the way plants grow in response to stimuli from the environment.
    • Different types of tropism:
    • Phototropism - response to light
    • Gravitropism (Geotropism) - response to gravity
    • Thigmotropism - response to touch
    • Chemotropism - response to chemicals
    • Hydrotropism - response to water

    Plant Classification

    • Kingdom Plantae is the classification of all plants.
    • Vascular plants include:
    • Seed-bearing plants (Gymnosperms and Angiosperms)
    • Spore-bearing plants (Ferns and Horsetails)
    • Non-Vascular plants: Mosses and Liverworts

    Plant Organs

    • Seeds, leaves, stems, roots, flowers, and fruit are the organs of seed plants.
    • Seed plants:
    • Gymnosperms: plants that produce seeds but lack flowers. Pine trees, spruces, and firs are examples
    • Monocots: generally have long, narrow leaves with parallel veins, one cotyledon in the seed, and parts in multiples of three. Grasses, rice, and corn are examples
    • Dicots: form the largest group of flowering plants; have broad leaves with netted venation, two cotyledons in the seed, and parts in multiples of four or five. Mango trees, tomatoes, and peas are examples

    Plant Tissues

    • Tissues are groups of similar or mixed cells with a common origin performing specialized functions.
    • Meristematic, permanent, and vascular tissues are the basic types of tissues in plants.

    Parts of a Leaf

    • Blade: the broad, flat part of the leaf.
    • Petiole: the stalk that attaches the leaf to the stem.
    • Stipules: small, ear-like structures at the base of the petiole.
    • Midrib: the central vein of the leaf.
    • Veins: the network of vessels in a leaf.

    Parts of a Seed

    • Seed coat: protects the embryo.
    • Embryo: the young plant enclosed within the seed.
    • Cotyledon: the first leaf of the developing plant.
    • Hypocotyl: the part of the stem below the cotyledons.
    • Epicotyl: the part of the stem above the cotyledons.
    • Radicle: the part of the embryo that develops into the root.
    • Endosperm: the stored food in the seed .

    Plant Hormones

    • Plant hormones play a vital role in regulating plant growth, development, and defense.
    • Examples:
    • Abscisic acid - promotes leaf detachment, induces seed and bud dormancy, and inhibits germination; often called "stress hormones".
    • Auxin - promotes stem elongation, growth of lateral buds, maintains apical dominance(inhibition of lateral bud growth), and produced in the stem, buds, and root tips; influences phototropism.
    • Cytokinins - promotes cell division or cytokinesis, in growing areas, such as meristems at the shoot tip; helps in chloroplast formation.
    • Gibberellins - promotes stem elongation, flowering, sex expression, germination, leaf and fruit senescence, and parthenocarpy (“virgin fruit”). Note: Parthenocarpy is a unique fruit development by either no fertilization or no pollination. It's an important technique in cultivated plants.

    Photosynthesis

    • Photosynthesis involves two major processes:
    • Light-dependent reactions capture light energy, converting water into oxygen
    • Light-independent reactions (Calvin Cycle) use the energy from the light-dependent reactions to convert carbon dioxide into glucose

    Plant Defense Mechanisms

    • Plants employ various defenses against pathogens and pests.
    • Physical barriers: thick cuticles, hairs, thorns, and spines.
    • Chemical defenses: secondary metabolites, toxins, and irritants.

    Plant Nutrition

    • Plant nutrition involves the absorption and utilization of chemical compounds for growth and metabolism.
    • Essential nutrients play crucial roles in various aspects of plant physiology and development.
    • examples of major nutrient functions:
    • Boron: cell wall synthesis, root development
    • Calcium: structural component of cell walls
    • Chlorine: regulates stomatal opening
    • Magnesium- chlorophyll synthesis

    Vegetative Propagation

    • Vegetative propagation is a method of plant reproduction that does not involve seeds; instead, it uses parts of the plant to grow new individuals
    • Examples:
    • Grafting: joining a shoot to a root system.
    • Cutting: cutting sections of the plant body (the stem, leaf, or root).

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    GENBIO PPT BOTANY 23 PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on the role of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate in the regeneration of RuBP and its significance in the Calvin cycle. This quiz covers key processes in photosynthesis, including light-dependent reactions and glucose production.

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