Photosynthesis, Calvin Cycle & Cellular Respiration

• The reactants in the Calvin Cycle are CO2, NADP+, and ATP.
• Another set of reactants in the Calvin Cycle are GP3, CO2, and NADPH.
• Yet another set of reactants in the Calvin Cycle are NADP+, ADP, and P.
• The light reactions in photosynthesis take place in the thylakoid lumen.
• Photosynthesis takes place in the palisade mesophyll.
• During the light reactions in photosynthesis, oxygen is released.
• An obligate anaerobe is an organism that cannot survive with oxygen.
• An endergonic reaction is spontaneous.
• An endergonic reaction will have products with less free energy than the reactants.
• In an endergonic reaction, energy is absorbed from surroundings
• An endergonic reaction has a change in free energy that is positive.
• Light is necessary for oxygen production, but CO2 is not

Pigment Absorption and Reflection

• A pigment that absorbs red and blue light and reflects green and yellow light will appear orange.

Cellular Respiration and Homeostasis

• Mitochondria use more glucose to increase ATP production to restore homeostasis after exercise.
• The body replenishes oxygen, allowing the electron transport chain to continue producing ATP.

Photosynthesis Impairment

• Low ATP production in chloroplasts with sufficient light is most likely due to a lack of water, which halts photolysis.

Cellular Respiration at High Altitude

• At high altitudes, the electron transport chain slows down due to low oxygen levels, resulting in less ATP production.

Extreme Diet Effects

• An extreme low-carbohydrate diet primarily affects glycolysis, as glucose is the main fuel for ATP production, leading to weakness and sluggishness

Plant Stomata and Photosynthesis

• Plants close their stomata on hot, dry days to prevent dehydration, but this reduces CO2 intake and slows down photosynthesis.

Mitochondrial Disorders

• A patient with a mitochondrial disorder that reduces ATP production would exhibit fatigue, muscle weakness, and difficulty with high-energy activities.

Electron Transport Chain Functions

• Photosynthetic organisms rely on the electron transport chain in both chloroplasts and mitochondria to produce ATP using a proton gradient.

Post-Exercise Breathing

• Heavy breathing after a race is necessary to replenish oxygen so the electron transport chain can function properly.

Impact of Rubisco Inhibition

• A plant exposed to a toxin that blocks Rubisco would be unable to fix CO2 into organic molecules

ATP Production in Bacteria

• Sample A produces significantly more ATP than Sample B, this result would support known cellular respiration pathways, where Sample A is exposed to oxygen and Sample B is in an anaerobic environment.

Pesticide Effects on Insects

• A pesticide blocking ATP synthase in insects would most likely cause the insect's cells to run out of ATP, leading to energy failure.

Light-Dependent Reactions

• During photosynthesis, the light-dependent reactions generate NADPH and ATP, which are then used in the Calvin Cycle.

ATP Production in Aerobic Respiration

• The majority of ATP is produced during the electron transport chain in aerobic cellular respiration.

Light-Independent Reactions

• Light-independent reactions occur in the stroma of the chloroplast.

Proton Gradient Disruption

• If the proton gradient in the mitochondria is disrupted, ATP synthesis would be affected.

Final Electron Acceptor

• Oxygen acts as the final electron acceptor during cellular respiration.

Plant Color

• Many plants appear green because they reflect green light and absorb red and blue wavelengths.

ATP Production in Cellular Respiration

• Glycolysis produces the least amount of ATP during cellular respiration.

Substrate specificity

• Only a specific substrate will bind to an enzyme's active site
• Cellular respiration is an exergonic reaction.
• Fermentation is another name for Anaerobic Respiration

RuBisCo Function

• The enzyme RuBisCo catalyzes the bonding of CO2 to ribulose bisphosphate in the Calvin Cycle.