GENBIO PPT BOTANY 23 PDF

 Learning Target Compare and contrast the following processes in plants and animals: reproduction, development, nutrition, gas exchange, transport/circulation, regulation of body fluids, chemical and nervous control, immune systems, and sensory and motor...

 Learning Target Compare and contrast the following processes in plants and animals: reproduction, development, nutrition, gas exchange, transport/circulation, regulation of body fluids, chemical and nervous control, immune systems, and sensory and motor mechanisms is the scientific study of plants. It includes the study of their structure, how they grow, how they can be effectively classified, the things that impact their development. - It is also called plant science and a botanist is a person who specializes in this field  Theophrastus – “Father of Plant Science - “History of Plants” - Most Outstanding botanist in the early botany. - “Causes of Plants”  Aristotle - “Founder of Plant Science” - he wrote that all plants life is lower and less specialized than animal life.  Plant characteristics A multicellular living thing that come in different shapes and sizes. Some are short-lived, others live for hundreds of years. They are usually in green color. Plants have adapted to a wide variety of habitats, and methods of reproducing and dispersing themselves.  Plant characteristics Autotrophs Utilize light energy and convert it to chemical energy. They are anchored in the soil but they are capable of movement called tropism.  tropism The way a plant grows in response to the stimuli in the environment Phototropism – light Gravitropism (Geo)– gravity Thigmotropism – touch Chemotropism – chemicals Hydrotropism- water  UNIFYING THEMES OF PLANTS Plants are highly integrated organisms consists of an organized parts. Plants exchange energy with their environment. Plant metabolism is based on the principles of chemistry.  UNIFYING THEMES OF PLANTS Plants respond and adapt to their environment. Plants reproduce by passing their genes and information to their descendants. Plants share parts of common ancestry. Plant classification KINGDOM PLANTAE NON- VASCULAR VASCULAR PLANT PLANT SEED SPORE BEARING BEARING MOSSES AND LIVERWORTS GYMNOSPERMAE ANGIOSPERMAE FERNS, MONOCOT HORSETAIL DICOT Ferns Horsetail Bryophytes Columbine A short-lived plant with an average lifespan of about three or four years. Sequoia Sequoia The oldest known sequoia specimen is 3,266 years old. PANDO TREES Known to be the oldest living plant in the world. Researchers aren’t sure how old Pando really is, but estimates say the tree colony is over 80,000 years old.  Plants are unique among the eukaryotes, organisms whose cells have membrane- enclosed nuclei and organelles, because they can manufacture their own food. Chlorophyll, which gives plants their green color, enables them to use sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into sugars and carbohydrates, chemicals the cell uses for fuel.  - is a group of same or mixed type of cells having common origin and performing specialized function. - Histology is the science that deals about tissues  TISSUES MERISTEMATIC PERMANENT VASCULAR TISSUES TISSUES TISSUES SURFACE FUNDAMENTAL APICAL MERISTEM XYMEN TISSUES TISSUES (STOMATA, GUARD INTRERCALARY CELLS) PARENCHYMA PHLOEM MERISTEM COLLENCHYMA LATERAL MERISTEM SCLERENCHYMA  UNIFYING THEMES OF PLANTS Plants respond and adapt to their environment. Plants reproduce by passing their genes and information to their descendants. Plants share parts of common ancestry. are plants which forms seeds. They are also called Spermatophytes or Spermatophyta. But not all seed plant produce flower.  - are seed plants which have seed but do not have flowers. Their seeds are not enclosed in a fruit but often borne on a scale like structure known as cones. ex. Pine tree, spruce and fir.  - are seed plants which have seed but do not have flowers. Their seeds are not enclosed in a fruit but often borne on a scale like structure known as cones. ex. Pine tree, spruce and fir. Pine Trees Spruce tree Fir tree Angiospermae – seed plants which produce flowers as well as seeds. The seed is contained in an enclosed structure called fruits which are the result of fertilization of ovary inside the flower.  have generally a long narrow / linear leaves with the vein parallel to the central vein. (Midrib) they have only one cotyledon in the seeds. the sepal and petal generally occur in threes or multiple of three. Examples: grass, bamboo rice, wheat sugar cane, corn banana  form the largest group with a great variety of trees, shrubs, vines, and herbaceous plants. have broad leaves with netted venation. flower parts frequently in whorls of four or five and 2 cotyledon as part of the embryo in the seed. Examples: mango tree, tomato acacia tree, squash Sampaloc, pepper gumamela narra tree bougainvilla DICOT VS. monocot  leaves are the lateral outgrowth of the stem.  typically thin, flat, expanded green structure of a plant.  highly effective energy converters. - blade - petiole - stipule - midrib - Veins Blade – broad, flat, expanded light harvesting portion of the leaf. Midrib – long thickened structure which is a continuation of the petiole up to the opposite end of the leaf. Veins – networks found in both sides of the midrib which is the continuation of the vascular tissue. Petiole – stalk which is cylindrical and attaches the blade to the stem. Stipules – earlike lobe at the base of the petiole.  Some leaves have a pair of appendages called stipules at the base of their petiole. If there is no petiole or stalk, the leaves are called sessile. a. According to composition ( Simple and Compound leaf ) b. According to venation ( Parallel and netted) c. According to texture Fleshy leaves (Crassula) c. According to texture Succulent leaves (Aloe vera) c. According to texture Coriaceous leaf (Magnolia grandiflora) c. According to texture Chartaceous (Baumea articulate) D. According to shape  - the plant axis that bears buds and shoots with leaves and, at its basal end, roots. The stem conducts water, minerals, and food to other parts of the plant; it may also store food, and green stems themselves produce food. - composed of vascular tissues. Modified Stems 1. Bulb (e.g. onions)when sliced in half, will show concentric rings. Modified Stems 2. Clove bulblike structures (e.g. garlic) will separate into small pieces when broken apart. Modified Stems 3. Tuber (e.g. potatoes) these structures are either on strings or in clusters underneath the parent plants. Modified Stems 4. Rhizome - are large creeping rootstock or underground stems (e.g. ginger) Modified Stems 5. Runner / Stolons – Horizontal, aboveground stems (e.g. Strawberries) - the root is the organ of a plant that typically lies below the surface of the soil.  Root's four major functions are: 1. absorption of water and inorganic nutrients 2. anchoring of the plant body to the ground, and supporting it, 3. storage of food and nutrients, 4. vegetative reproduction and competition with other plants.  Types of Roots 1. TAP ROOT is a large, central, and dominant root from which other roots sprout laterally. Typically a tap root is somewhat straight and very thick, is tapering in shape, and grows directly downward. Types of Roots 2. FIBROUS ROOT is usually formed by thin, moderately branching roots grow ing from the stem. Types of Roots 3. ADVENTITIOUS ROOT - forms on any plant part other than the roots. Fibrous vs. Tap roots Seedless vascular plants and Monocot angiosperms such as grasses have fibrous roots. (a) Dicot angiosperm have tap roots. (b) Types of Roots 4. AERATING ROOTS - roots rising above the ground, have a large number pores for exchange of gases. Types of Roots 4. BUTTRESS ROOT - are large roots on all sides of a tall or shallowly rooted tree. Typically they are found in rainforests where soils are poor so roots don't go deep. They prevent the tree from falling over and help gather more nutrients. Types of Roots 4. BUTTRESS ROOT - are large roots on all sides of a tall or shallowly rooted tree. Typically they are found in rainforests where soils are poor so roots don't go deep. They prevent the tree from falling over and help gather more nutrients. is the reproductive structure found in flowering plants is the reproductive structure found in flowering plants STAMEN Male part of a flower and consist of anther and filament.  anther - is the part of a stamen that contains the pollen.  filament - supports the anther, which is where pollen develops. PISTIL / CARPEL Female part of a flower and consist of stigma, style and ovary  stigma - landing zone and entrance of pollen. Most stigmas are covered with a waxy, sticky substance.  style – is a long, slender stalk that connects the stigma and the ovary  ovary – part of the pistil which holds the ovule(s); develop into seeds upon fertilization.  Variations in Floral Structure A. Kinds of flowers as to part present  complete flower – if all the four sets are in a flower, petals, sepal, pistil and stamen.  incomplete flower – if one or more of the floral sets are missing in a particular flower.  Variations in Floral Structure Kinds of flowers as to part present  complete flower – if all the four sets are in a flower, petals, sepal, pistil and stamen.  incomplete flower – if one or more of the floral sets are missing in a particular flower. Complete flower incomplet e flower -a fruit is the seed-bearing structure in flowering plants. -found only in the members of the Angiosperms. SIMPLE – DEVELOPS ONE FLOWER WITH A SINGLED RIPENED OVARY. (APPLE, ORANGE) AGGREGATE – ONE FLOWER THAT PRODUCES A CLUSTER OF RIPENED OVARIES. ( BLACKBERRY, RASPBERRY, GRAPES) MULTIPLE – CLUSTER OF RIPENED OVARIES FROM DIFFERENT FLOWERS IN THE SAME PLANT THAT DEVELOPS IN ONE INFLORESCENCE. (PINEAPPLE, MULBERRY) SIMPLE FRUIT These fruits develop from a single ovary of one or more carpels  AGGREGATE FRUIT These fruits develop from multiple ovaries but of the same flower. So, an aggregate fruit consists of a collection of simple fruits called as fruitlets. MULTIPLE FRUIT Develops from ovaries of several flowers fused together on the same stalk. - is a small embryonic plant enclosed in a covering called seed coat usually with some stored food. - the formation of the seed completes the process of reproduction in seed plants. Why are seeds advantageous for plants? 1. Maintain dormancy until better environmental conditions arise. 2. Afford protection to young plant at vulnerable developmental stage. 3. Contain adequate supply until photosynthesis is possible. 4. Dispersal of plants. Parts of a Seed 1. SEED COAT – the structure that protects the embryo. It can be of varying thickness depending on the seed type. Parts of a Seed 1. SEED COAT – the structure that protects the embryo. It can be of varying thickness depending on the seed type. Parts of a Seed 2. EMBRYO – is what forms the new plant once the favorable condition is present. Composed on cotyledon, hypocotyl / epicotyl and radicle. -cotyledon is the first leaf that germinates and is filled with stored food that plant uses before it begins photosynthesis. -epicotyl or hypocotyl is the basis for the plant’s stem. Epicotyl = above the cotyledon, Hypocotyl = below the cotyledon. They grow upward in response to light. -radicle - the part of the seed where root develops -is the transfer of pollen grain from stamen to a stigma. It is brought about by different pollinators. There are 2 types: 1. Self pollination 2. Cross pollination Agent of Pollination Insects Wind Man and Animals Water  PLANTBARRIERS Plant coating: 1. Cutin- a lipidbased macromolecule found in most above ground 2. Suberin- is on underground parts, woody stem and healed wounds ofplants. 3. Waxes synthesized by the epidermal cells and are commonly cuticle THORNS-modified branches with sharp, pointed appearance. SPINES-are modified leaves that are sharp Secondary Metabolites  - refers to the supply and absorption of chemical compounds for the growth and metabolism of plants. These chemical compounds for the growth are known as plant nutrients or essential elements. BORON – cell wall synthesis; root development CALCIUM – one of the structural component of the cell wall CHLORINE – stomatal opening regulation MAGNESIUM – chlorophyll synthesis NITROGEN – general plant growth of roots, stem, leaf, flower and fruits. PHOSPHORUS – structural component of phospholipids ZINC – stem elongation; protein and starch synthesis Plant hormone plays an important role in plant defense against pathogenic microorganisms. Not only do these plant hormones perform such function, but they also regulate the development and signal networks in plants. ABSCISIC ACID - a plant hormone that promotes leaf detachment, induces seed and bud dormancy, and inhibits germination. ABSCISIC ACID - Dormancy is a mechanism to prevent germination during unsuitable ecological conditions, when the probability of seedling survival is low. ABSCISIC ACID - also called stress hormones as it triggers various responses in plants against stress conditions. It increases the tolerance of plants toward various stresses like the closure of stomata. Auxin - promote stem elongation, inhibit growth of lateral buds (maintains apical dominance). They are produced in the stem, buds, and root tips. Auxin This produces a curving of the plant stem tip toward the light, a plant movement known as phototropism. Effect of Auxin CYTOKININ - promote cell division or cytokinesis. They are produced in growing areas, such as meristems at tip of the shoot. CYTOKININ - also helps in the chloroplast formation. Gibberellins - promote stem elongation, flowering, sex expression, germination, and leaf and fruit senescence and parthenocarpy (biological aging). Effect of Gibberellins  The word “Parthenocarpy” came from Greek, meaning “virgin fruit”. Produces “seedless fruit” As a rule, flowers need to be pollinated and fertilized to create fruit. In some species of plants, a different method has developed, requiring either no fertilization or no pollination.  Parthenocarpy are used in cultivated plants. It is introduced with plant hormones such as gibberellins. It causes ovaries to mature without fertilization and can somehow produce bigger fruits.  It is also a natural process as in the case of bananas. Bananas are sterile and develop no viable ovaries. They do not produce seeds, which mean they must propagate vegetatively. Grafting: This process involves joining the shoot system of a plant (known as scion) to the root system of another plant (known as the stock). The two are joined where the sizes (diameter) of the scion and stock are very close. They are both cut diagonally and placed facing each other. They are then taped and left to heal with time Cutting: Plants such as roses and sugarcane can be cut at the points of nodes and internodes. These points are then placed in moist soils. After some time, adventitious roots develop at the points and new plants begin to grow. Thee are many types of cutting techniques, grouped into three categories: Stem, leaf and root cutting. Stem cuttings include hardwood, semi-hardwood, and softwood cutting. Leaf-cutting include leaf blade cutting, leaf vein cutting, leaf bud cutting and leaf edge cutting. The third category is root cutting.  It is also a natural process as in the case of bananas. Bananas are sterile and develop no viable ovaries. They do not produce seeds, which mean they must propagate vegetatively.  Parthenocarpy allows the grower to keep insect pests from his crop without chemicals. This is because no pollinating insect is required for fruit formation so the plants can be covered to prevent the bad insects from attacking the crop. In the world of organic production, this is a significant improvement from the use of even organic pesticides and improves crop yield and health.  Keep in mind that in natural environments, plants are bombarded with multiple biotic and abiotic stress. Therefore, plants utilize a combination of complex regulatory mechanisms to ensure an efficient defense response against various pathogens, pests, and other environmental stress. Photosynthesis, the process by which green plants and certain other organisms transform light energy into chemical energy. During photosynthesis in green plants, light energy is captured and used to convert water, carbon dioxide, and minerals into oxygen and energy-rich organic compounds.  Photosynthesis takes place in chloroplast organelle. contains photosynthetic membranes that contain chlorophyll light reactions take place in photosynthetic membranes (thylakoids) dark reactions take place outside photosynthetic membranes (stroma)  2 PROCESSES OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS Photosynthesis is actually 2 processes: LIGHT REACTIONS - convert solar energy (sunlight) to chemical energy (ATP & NADPH) DARK REACTIONS (CALVIN CYCLE) - light independent reactions; use energy produced & stored during light reactions (ATP & NADPH) & incorporates CO 2 from air into organic molecules (PGAL), which are converted to sugar(glucose)  LIGHT REACTIONS can be divided into 4 basic processes: light absorption electron transport oxygen production ATP formation Use H2O, ADP, & NADP+ to produce O2, ATP, & NADPH LIGHT DEPENDENT REACTION  I. LIGHT ABSORPTION Thylakoid contains photosystems (clusters of pigment molecules) that are able to capture sunlight energy. 2 photosystems in green plants: photosystem I (PSI) & photosystem II(PSII) contain chlorophyll molecules+other pigments absorbs light energy & passes it from 1 pigment molecule to another until it reaches special pair of chlorophyll molecules in reaction center here high energy electrons are released & passed to 1st of many electron carriers II. ELECTRON TRANSPORT upon release from reaction center, high-energy electrons transferred along series of electron carriers (electron transport chain) in photosynthetic membrane move electrons to NADP+ to form NADPH III. OXYGEN PRODUCTION so chlorophyll doesn’t run out of electrons when forming NADPH, thylakoid has a system that takes electrons from H2O. bi-product of reaction is oxygen molecules (O2) which eventually get released into the air  IV. ATP FORMATION uses energy generated by hydrogen ion (H+) gradient to produce ATP hydrogen ions (H+) H+ left behind when H2O are released inside thykaloid in addition, as electrons are passed from chlorophyll to NADP+, more H+ are pumped across membrane membrane fills up with H+ ions, making outside of photosynthetic membrane - charge & inside + charge source of energy enzyme in thylakoid makes use of this energy. Attaches phosphate molecule to ADP ATP LIGHT DEPENDENT REACTION LIGHT REACTION SUMMARY Energy Products: ATP NADPH Reactants: H2O Light Energy LIGHT-INDEPENDENT REACTIONS (CALVIN CYCLE) ATP & NADPH can only store the chemical energy for a few minutes The Calvin cycle uses the energy from ATP & NADPH to make high-energy compounds that can store the energy longer (sugars) Light independent reaction = DOES NOT REQUIRE LIGHT occurs in stroma  DARK REACTIONS Calvin cycle – name given to the cycle of dark reactions in photosynthesis Inorganic molecule CO2 is used to make a complex organic molecules (i.e. glucose). enzyme (rubisco) speeds up thisreaction. this complex organic molecule can be considered a building block that can be used to make other biologically important molecules, including glucose  DARK REACTIONS Use ATP & NADPH produced in light reaction main purpose of dark reactions (Calvin cycle) is to produce chemical “building block” PGAL  Glucose (phosphoglyceraldehyde) makes other compounds too like amino acids, lipids, carbsetc.  I. CARBON FIXATION Carbon dioxide (CO2) is attached to ribulose 1,5 bisphosphate resulting in a 6 carbon molecule that splits into two 3 carbo molecules (3-phosphoglycerate [PGAL])  II. CARBON REDUCTION sequence of reactions using electrons from NADPH & some of the ATP to reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) or 1, 3 bisphosphate.  III. REGENARITION OF RuBP ribulose 1,5 – bisphosphate (RuBP) is regenerated. this enzyme is important because it initiates the cycle. For every 3 turns of the cycle, 5 molecules of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate are used to re-form 3 molecules of RuBP. The remaining glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate is then used to make glucose, fatty acids or glycerol.  III. REGENARITION OF RuBP it takes 2 molecules of glyceraldehyde-3- phosphate to make 1 molecule of glucose phosphate. thus, Calvin Cycle has to run 6 times to produce 1 molecule glucose. ATP AND GLUCOSE  Photosynthesis Concept Map Photosynthesis includes Light- dependent Calvin cycle reactions takes place in uses use take place in Energy from Thylakoid Stroma ATP NADPH sunlight membranes to produce to produce of ATP NADPH O2 Chloroplasts High-energy sugars PHOTOSYNTHESIS