Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary role of the reaction center in light-dependent reactions?
What is the primary role of the reaction center in light-dependent reactions?
What is the byproduct of carbon fixation in the Calvin cycle?
What is the byproduct of carbon fixation in the Calvin cycle?
What is the energy source used to pump protons across the thylakoid membrane in the electron transport chain?
What is the energy source used to pump protons across the thylakoid membrane in the electron transport chain?
What is the primary difference between cyclic and non-cyclic pathways in the electron transport chain?
What is the primary difference between cyclic and non-cyclic pathways in the electron transport chain?
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What is the role of light-harvesting complex in light-dependent reactions?
What is the role of light-harvesting complex in light-dependent reactions?
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What is the product of the reduction stage in the Calvin cycle?
What is the product of the reduction stage in the Calvin cycle?
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What is the purpose of regenerating RuBP in the Calvin cycle?
What is the purpose of regenerating RuBP in the Calvin cycle?
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Study Notes
Light Dependent Reactions
- Occur in thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts
- Light energy excites electrons, which are passed along a series of electron carriers
- Water is split into oxygen and hydrogen ions (H+)
- ATP and NADPH are produced
- Two stages:
- Light-harvesting complex: absorbs light energy
- Reaction center: converts light energy into ATP and NADPH
Calvin Cycle
- Occurs in stroma of chloroplasts
- Uses ATP and NADPH produced in light-dependent reactions
- CO2 is fixed into organic molecules (glucose)
- Regeneration of RuBP (ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate) for continuous CO2 fixation
- Three stages:
- Carbon fixation: CO2 is fixed into 3-phosphoglycerate (3-PGA)
- Reduction: 3-PGA is reduced to form glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P)
- Regeneration: G3P is used to regenerate RuBP
Electron Transport Chain
- Series of electron carriers in thylakoid membranes
- Electrons passed from high-energy state to low-energy state, releasing energy
- Energy used to pump protons (H+) across thylakoid membrane
- Proton gradient used to produce ATP
- Cyclic and non-cyclic pathways:
- Cyclic: electrons return to reaction center, producing ATP only
- Non-cyclic: electrons reduce NADP+, producing NADPH and ATP
Light Dependent Reactions
- Light energy excites electrons in thylakoid membranes, passing them along a series of electron carriers
- Water is split into oxygen and hydrogen ions (H+), producing ATP and NADPH
- The process involves two stages: light-harvesting complex, which absorbs light energy, and reaction center, which converts light energy into ATP and NADPH
Calvin Cycle
- Occurs in the stroma of chloroplasts, using ATP and NADPH produced in light-dependent reactions
- CO2 is fixed into organic molecules (glucose) through a three-stage process
- The stages involve carbon fixation, where CO2 is fixed into 3-phosphoglycerate (3-PGA), reduction, where 3-PGA is reduced to form glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P), and regeneration, where G3P is used to regenerate RuBP (ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate) for continuous CO2 fixation
Electron Transport Chain
- A series of electron carriers in thylakoid membranes, where electrons are passed from high-energy state to low-energy state, releasing energy
- Energy is used to pump protons (H+) across the thylakoid membrane, creating a proton gradient used to produce ATP
- The process involves both cyclic and non-cyclic pathways, with cyclic pathways producing ATP only, and non-cyclic pathways producing NADPH and ATP
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Description
Learn about the two stages of light-dependent reactions and the Calvin Cycle, including the production of ATP and NADPH and the fixation of CO2.
