Photosynthesis Key Concepts and Processes
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Questions and Answers

What is a photon?

  • A part of the stroma
  • A packet of light (correct)
  • A type of chlorophyll
  • A membrane-bound organelle

    • What is chlorophyll?

    The light-absorbing green-colored pigment that begins the process of photosynthesis.

    What is a chloroplast?

    A membrane-bound organelle in green plant and algal cells that carries out photosynthesis.

    What is stroma?

    <p>The protein-rich semi-liquid material in the interior of a chloroplast.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a thylakoid?

    <p>A disk-shaped sac in the stroma of a chloroplast.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are grana?

    <p>Stacks of thylakoids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are lamellae?

    <p>Groups of unstacked thylakoids between grana.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the thylakoid membrane?

    <p>The photosynthetic membrane within a chloroplast that contains light gathering pigment molecules and electron transport chains.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the thylakoid lumen?

    <p>A fluid-filled interior space enclosed by the thylakoid membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does ATP stand for?

    <p>A molecule containing three high-energy phosphate bonds that acts as the primary energy-transferring molecule in a living organism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is ADP?

    <p>A molecule containing two high-energy phosphate bonds that may be formed by breaking one of the phosphate bonds in ATP.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is NADP+?

    <p>A compound that accepts one hydrogen atom and two electrons forming NADPH; it is an electron acceptor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is NADPH?

    <p>A compound that donates one hydrogen atom and two electrons to another molecule, to reform NADP+; it is an electron donor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are light-dependent reactions?

    <p>Reactions of photosynthesis that use energy from light to produce ATP and NADPH.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is carbon fixation?

    <p>The process of incorporating CO2 into carbohydrate molecules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Calvin Cycle?

    <p>A cyclic set of reactions occurring in the stroma of chloroplasts that fixes the carbon of CO2 into carbohydrate molecules and recycles coenzymes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are light-independent reactions?

    <p>The second set of reactions in photosynthesis that do not require light.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a photosystem?

    <p>A cluster of photosynthetic pigments embedded in a thylakoid membrane of a chloroplast that absorbs light energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the electron transport chain?

    <p>A series of progressively stronger electron acceptors; each time an electron is transferred, energy is released.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is photolysis?

    <p>A chemical reaction in which a compound is broken down by light.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is oxidation?

    <p>A reaction in which an atom or molecule loses electrons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is reduction?

    <p>A reaction in which an atom or molecule gains electrons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is chemiosmosis?

    <p>A process for synthesizing ATP using the energy of an electrochemical gradient and the ATP synthase enzyme.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the photosynthesis equation?

    <p>6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy -&gt; C6H12O6 + 6O2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for glucose?

    <p>C6H12O6</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is energy stored in photosynthetic organisms?

    <p>Chemical bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do short wavelengths have?

    <p>High energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many molecules are used in the Calvin Cycle?

    <p>6 molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the raw materials in photosynthesis?

    <p>Carbon dioxide and water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the molecule of immediate energy?

    <p>ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the products of 'light-dependent' reactions?

    <p>ATP, NADPH, and O2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are chemical reactions where electrons are lost?

    <p>Oxidation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the range of colored lights wavelength?

    <p>380nm - 750nm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does chlorophyll do to green pigment?

    <p>Reflects it</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is chlorophyll A?

    <p>The pigment able to use light energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is light absorbed?

    <p>Thylakoid membranes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of water breaking down?

    <p>Photolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the Calvin Cycle occur?

    <p>The stroma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is carbon fixation?

    <p>The process of incorporating CO2 into carbohydrate molecules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the chemical process where electrons are gained?

    <p>Reduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a process where energy in electrons is released?

    <p>Electron Transport Chain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    One glucose molecule requires ___ ATP and ___ NADPH.

    <p>18 ATP and 12 NADPH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Photosynthesis Key Concepts

    • Photon: A discrete unit of light energy.
    • Chlorophyll: Green pigment crucial for capturing light energy for photosynthesis.
    • Chloroplast: Organelles within plant and algal cells where photosynthesis occurs.

    Structural Components of Chloroplasts

    • Stroma: Gel-like substance inside chloroplasts, rich in proteins.
    • Thylakoid: Disk-shaped membranes where light-dependent reactions take place.
    • Grana: Stacks of thylakoids that increase surface area for effective light absorption.
    • Lamellae: Connections between grana, consisting of unstacked thylakoids.

    Photosynthesis Processes

    • Light-dependent Reactions: Use sunlight to produce ATP and NADPH, released oxygen as byproduct.
    • Calvin Cycle: Series of reactions in the stroma that convert CO₂ into carbohydrates, utilizing ATP and NADPH produced in light reactions.

    Energy Molecules

    • ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate): Main energy currency in cells, composed of three phosphate groups.
    • ADP (Adenosine Diphosphate): Result of ATP after losing one phosphate group; can be converted back to ATP.
    • NADP+ and NADPH: NADP+ is an electron acceptor that is converted to NADPH, which serves as an electron donor in the Calvin Cycle.

    Chemical Reactions in Photosynthesis

    • Carbon Fixation: Incorporating CO₂ into organic molecules during the Calvin Cycle.
    • Photolysis: Breakdown of water into oxygen and hydrogen in the presence of light.
    • Electron Transport Chain: Series of reactions where electrons move through proteins, releasing energy for ATP synthesis.

    Light Interaction

    • Color Absorption: Chlorophyll absorbs blue and red light, reflects green.
    • Wavelength Range: Photosynthetically active range is between 380 nm and 750 nm.

    Chemical Bonds and Energy Storage

    • Chemical Bonds: Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and other organic molecules.
    • Chemical Reaction Types:
      • Oxidation: Loss of electrons.
      • Reduction: Gain of electrons.

    Specific Requirements for Photosynthesis

    • Raw Materials: CO₂ and H₂O are essential reactants.
    • Products of Light-dependent Reactions: Resulting molecules include ATP, NADPH, and O₂.
    • Calvin Cycle Resources: Requires 6 CO₂ molecules, yielding one glucose molecule which demands 18 ATP and 12 NADPH for synthesis.

    Overall Photosynthesis Equation

    • The process can be summarized as:
      • Equation: 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + Energy → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ (glucose and oxygen produced).

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    Description

    This quiz covers essential concepts of photosynthesis, including the roles of chlorophyll, chloroplasts, and various structural components. It also explores key processes such as light-dependent reactions and the Calvin Cycle. Test your understanding of how plants harness light energy for growth!

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