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Questions and Answers
What is the primary location of light independent reactions in photosynthesis?
What is the primary location of light independent reactions in photosynthesis?
What is the byproduct of anaerobic respiration in muscles?
What is the byproduct of anaerobic respiration in muscles?
Which of the following is NOT a product of the light dependent reactions?
Which of the following is NOT a product of the light dependent reactions?
What is the role of pepsin in the digestive system?
What is the role of pepsin in the digestive system?
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What is the function of villi in the small intestine?
What is the function of villi in the small intestine?
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What is the function of the septum in the heart?
What is the function of the septum in the heart?
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What is the general term for the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration?
What is the general term for the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration?
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What is the term for the amount of time a substance takes to travel a certain distance in chromatography?
What is the term for the amount of time a substance takes to travel a certain distance in chromatography?
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What is the primary function of the SA node in the heart?
What is the primary function of the SA node in the heart?
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What type of immunity involves the production of antibodies by B cells?
What type of immunity involves the production of antibodies by B cells?
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What is the term for the clumping of red blood cells in response to an antigen?
What is the term for the clumping of red blood cells in response to an antigen?
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Which of the following is NOT a function of the lymphatic system?
Which of the following is NOT a function of the lymphatic system?
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During inhalation, which muscle contracts to expand the chest cavity?
During inhalation, which muscle contracts to expand the chest cavity?
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What is the term for the process by which the body compensates for reduced blood flow during a murmur?
What is the term for the process by which the body compensates for reduced blood flow during a murmur?
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What is the primary function of the Loop of Henle in the nephron?
What is the primary function of the Loop of Henle in the nephron?
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What type of muscle is characterized by the presence of myofibrils and actin-myosin interactions?
What type of muscle is characterized by the presence of myofibrils and actin-myosin interactions?
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Study Notes
Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
- Products of photosynthesis: glucose, oxygen
- Reactants of photosynthesis: carbon dioxide, water, light
- Light-dependent reactions: occur in thylakoid membranes, produce ATP and NADPH
- Light-independent reactions (Calvin-Benson Cycle): occur in stroma, produce glucose
- Chloroplast parts: stroma, thylakoids, lamellae, grana
- Products of aerobic respiration: carbon dioxide, water, ATP (36-38 ATP)
- Products of anaerobic respiration: lactic acid, ATP (2 ATP)
Biochemistry and Enzymes
- Properties of water: cohesion, polarity, high surface tension
- Organic compounds: contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen
- Inorganic compounds: do not contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen
- Macromolecules: proteins, carbohydrates, lipids
- Tests for macromolecules: Biuret (proteins), Benedict's (reducing sugars), Iodine (starch)
- Factors affecting enzymes: heat, acidity, pH, substrate concentration
- Denaturation of enzymes: loss of function due to heat, pH, or chemicals
The Digestive System
- Parts of the digestive system: mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine
- Roles of each part: mouth (mechanical breakdown), stomach (protein digestion), small intestine (nutrient absorption), large intestine (water absorption)
- pH levels: mouth (neutral), stomach (acidic), small intestine (alkaline), large intestine (slightly acidic)
- Mechanical vs. chemical digestion: mouth (mechanical), stomach (chemical)
The Circulatory System
- Heart structures: ventricles, atria, septum, purkinje fibers
- Blood flow through the heart: atria → ventricles → pulmonary artery → lungs → pulmonary veins → atria
- Roles of vena cava and aorta: vena cava (deoxygenated blood), aorta (oxygenated blood)
- Veins vs. arteries: veins (thinner walls, lower pressure), arteries (thicker walls, higher pressure)
Blood and Immunity
- Components of blood: erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes
- Functions of each component: erythrocytes (oxygen transport), leukocytes (immune response), thrombocytes (blood clotting)
- Blood types: A, B, AB, O; Rh factor: positive or negative
- Agglutination: clumping of red blood cells due to incompatible blood types
- Antigens and antibodies: antigens (foreign substances), antibodies (immune response)
The Respiratory System
- Parts of the respiratory system: trachea, bronchi, alveoli, diaphragm
- Mechanism of breathing: diaphragm contraction (inhalation), diaphragm relaxation (exhalation)
- Movement of gases: oxygen into alveoli, carbon dioxide out of alveoli
- Interpretation of spirogram: measures lung volume and airflow
The Excretory System
- Structures of the excretory system: kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra
- Pathway of urine: kidneys → ureters → bladder → urethra
- Kidney structure: medulla, pelvis, nephrons
- Nephron structure: glomerulus, loop of Henle, collecting duct
Muscles
- Types of muscles: skeletal, smooth, cardiac
- Structure of skeletal muscles: muscle fibers, myofibrils, actin, myosin
- Causes of muscle cramps and atrophy: dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, muscle damage
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Description
Test your knowledge of photosynthesis and cellular respiration processes, including reactants, products, and chloroplast parts. Learn about light-dependent and independent reactions, and ATP production.
