Biology: Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis
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Questions and Answers

What aspect should all options in a multiple choice question share?

  • They should vary in length and complexity.
  • They should include phrases from the text.
  • They should be homogeneous in content. (correct)
  • They should all be direct quotes from the content.

Which statement is not true about the stem of a multiple choice question?

  • The stem should avoid irrelevant material.
  • The stem should be meaningful by itself.
  • The stem can be negatively stated if it serves significant learning outcomes.
  • The stem must reference text to be valid. (correct)

What is a critical feature of distractors in a multiple choice question?

  • Distractors should include examples from the content.
  • Distractors must be less plausible than the correct answer.
  • Distractors must reflect common misconceptions. (correct)
  • Distractors should always be the longest options.

What is essential for the correct answer in a multiple choice question?

<p>It should accurately reflect the content provided. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which guideline should be followed when creating multiple choice question options?

<p>Options should be mutually exclusive. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the net ATP yield from glycolysis during cellular respiration?

<p>2 ATP (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which molecule is produced during the Krebs cycle?

<p>$CO_2$ (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In alcoholic fermentation, what does pyruvate convert into after acetaldehyde?

<p>Ethanol (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During lactic acid fermentation, which substance is produced from pyruvate?

<p>Lactic acid (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process occurs in yeast during fermentation?

<p>Alcohol fermentation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the outputs of one turn of the citric acid cycle?

<p>2 CO₂, 3 NADH, 1 FADH₂, 1 ATP (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it essential for NADH and FADH₂ to be oxidized back to NAD⁺ and FAD?

<p>To allow for glycolysis and the citric acid cycle to proceed (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the proton gradient generated by the electron transport chain?

<p>It is used to produce ATP (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many ATP are produced from glycolysis per glucose molecule?

<p>2 ATP (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the total estimated ATP yield from one glucose molecule throughout cellular respiration?

<p>32-34 ATP (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary location of alcoholic fermentation?

<p>Yeast and some bacteria (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which molecule is produced during the fermentation process in yeast?

<p>Ethanol (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many ATP molecules are produced through anaerobic respiration?

<p>2 ATP (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme is involved in converting pyruvate into lactate during lactic acid fermentation?

<p>Lactate dehydrogenase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the reactants of anaerobic respiration?

<p>Glucose only (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a product of lactic acid fermentation in animals?

<p>ATP and lactate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the major difference in ATP production between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?

<p>Aerobic respiration produces more ATP (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does glycolysis occur in both aerobic and anaerobic respiration?

<p>Cytoplasm (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the mitochondrion?

<p>Cellular energy generation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many ATP molecules are produced in glycolysis from one molecule of glucose?

<p>2 ATP (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During pyruvate oxidation, how many carbon dioxide molecules are released?

<p>2 carbon dioxide molecules (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the main products of one turn of the citric acid cycle?

<p>3 NADH, 1 FADH₂, 1 ATP (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

More active cells, such as muscle cells, are characterized by having:

<p>More mitochondria (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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Citric Acid Cycle Output

One turn of the citric acid cycle produces two carbon dioxide molecules, three NADH, one FADH₂, and one ATP.

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Electron Transport Chain Function

The electron transport chain has two main functions: regenerating electron carriers like NAD⁺ and FAD and creating a proton gradient across the mitochondrial membrane. This gradient stores energy for ATP production.

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What is the proton gradient used for?

The proton gradient created by the electron transport chain stores energy that can be used by ATP synthase to produce ATP. This is how most of the ATP in cellular respiration is made.

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Glycolysis Location

Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell.

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Krebs Cycle Location

The Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle) takes place inside the mitochondria.

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What is fermentation?

Fermentation is a type of anaerobic respiration where glucose is broken down into pyruvate, then further processed into different products like ethanol or lactic acid, depending on the organism. It occurs in the absence of oxygen.

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Why is fermentation important in muscles?

When muscles lack oxygen, like during intense exercise, they switch to lactic acid fermentation to generate energy. This process produces lactic acid, which can cause muscle fatigue and soreness.

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Alcohol fermentation: Main products?

Alcohol fermentation, primarily carried out by yeasts and some bacteria, results in the production of ethanol (alcohol) and carbon dioxide ($CO_2$) as byproducts.

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What is anaerobic respiration?

Anaerobic respiration is a process of energy production that occurs in the absence of oxygen. It primarily involves glycolysis followed by fermentation.

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What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?

Aerobic respiration requires oxygen to produce energy, while anaerobic respiration can occur without oxygen. Anaerobic respiration generates much less ATP than aerobic respiration.

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Mitochondrion Function

The mitochondrion is responsible for producing energy (ATP) for the cell. It's often called the 'powerhouse' of the cell.

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Why do muscle cells have more mitochondria?

Muscle cells require a lot of energy to contract and move. They have more mitochondria to meet this high energy demand.

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Glycolysis Products

The breakdown of glucose (glycolysis) produces 2 ATP, 2 pyruvate, and 2 NADH. It's the first step in cellular respiration.

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Pyruvate Oxidation Output

Pyruvate oxidation converts pyruvate into acetyl CoA. It releases CO2 and creates 2 NADH.

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Citric Acid Cycle Yields

One full cycle of the citric acid cycle produces 2 CO2, 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, and 1 ATP. It happens twice per glucose molecule.

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Alcoholic Fermentation

A type of anaerobic respiration where pyruvate is converted into ethanol and carbon dioxide by yeast and some bacteria.

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Lactic Acid Fermentation

A type of anaerobic respiration where pyruvate is converted into lactate by bacteria and muscle cells.

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Anaerobic Respiration

Energy production without the use of oxygen.

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Aerobic Respiration

Energy production using oxygen.

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Pyruvate Conversion in Alcoholic Fermentation

Pyruvate is converted into acetaldehyde, releasing carbon dioxide.

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Pyruvate Conversion in Lactic Acid Fermentation

Pyruvate is converted into lactate by lactate dehydrogenase.

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ATP Production in Aerobic vs. Anaerobic Respiration

Aerobic respiration produces significantly more ATP (36 ATP) than anaerobic respiration (2 ATP).

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Location of Fermentation

Fermentation processes occur in the cytoplasm.

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Study Notes

Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration

  • Aerobic respiration is a process that uses oxygen to produce energy from glucose.
  • Anaerobic respiration is a process that does not use oxygen to produce energy from glucose.
  • The overall equation for aerobic cellular respiration is: C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + ATP (energy)

Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

  • Photosynthesis equation: 6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂
  • Cellular respiration equation: C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + ATP
  • Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are the reverse of each other.
  • Photosynthesis in plants produces glucose and oxygen
  • Cellular respiration breaks down the glucose to release energy.

Cellular Respiration Process

  • Glycolysis: glucose is broken down into pyruvate in the cytoplasm. This process produces a net gain of 2 ATP.
  • Pyruvate oxidation: pyruvate is oxidized into acetyl CoA in the mitochondrial matrix. This process releases 2 CO₂ and produces 2 NADH.
  • Citric Acid Cycle: acetyl CoA enters the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle). This process releases 4 CO₂, produces 6 NADH, 2 FADH₂, and 2 ATP.
  • Oxidative phosphorylation/Electron transport chain: The electron carriers (NADH and FADH₂) pass electrons to the electron transport chain, generating a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane. ATP synthase uses this gradient to produce a large amount of ATP. This process produces 32-34 ATP.

Fermentation

  • Fermentation is an anaerobic respiration process.
  • Alcoholic fermentation occurs in yeast, producing ethanol and CO₂.
  • Lactic acid fermentation occurs in muscle cells during low oxygen conditions, producing lactic acid. Both processes regenerate NAD⁺, allowing glycolysis to continue.

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Description

Explore the intricate processes of aerobic and anaerobic respiration, and their relationship with photosynthesis. This quiz covers key equations, the steps of cellular respiration, and the reversed nature of photosynthesis. Test your knowledge on these fundamental biological processes.

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